Archives-February 2017

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of different teaching pedagogies used by teachers in context of higher education as effective teaching is reflected by effective learning among students. A total of 100 students (20 students in each group, thereby making five groups) in the age range of (18-20 years) studying Humanities stream from colleges of Chandigarh were chosen as sample for the present study. Students were taught the same topic but with different teaching pedagogies. Their opinion and reasoning regarding teaching methods, its effectiveness and understanding were noted down and teacher’s evaluation in terms of achievement test from five groups of students was prepared. Keeping in mind, both important parameters i.e. student’s perception regarding the most effective teaching method and correspondingly an evaluation from the teacher was taken into consideration.The results revealed multimedia method as the most effective where as case study as the least effective method of teaching.

Anorectal malformations (ARM) comprises, a wide spectrum of diseases, which can affect girls and boys, and involve the rectum and distal anus as well as the genital and urinary tracts. ARM occurs in around 1 in 5000 live births. Defects range varies from the very minor or “low” which are easily treated with an excellent functional prognosis, to those that are difficult to manage, complex, are often associated with other anomalies known as “high”, and have a poor functional prognosis. The surgical approach to repairing these defects changed intensely in 1980 with the introduction of the posterior sagittal approach, Better imaging techniques, and a improved knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the pelvic structures at the time of birth.

Generally, Gonadal Dysgenesis is a condition which can be characterized by the underdeveloped or imperfect formation of the gonads. This occurs either due to the absence of the sex determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) gene and therefore differentiation of the indifferent gonad would not occur. Hence, the other activities such as development of testes, production of its specific hormones and the formation of the other internal reproductive organs that needs those hormones in order to develop would be under developed.

As the scrotum and labia majora form in males and females, respectively; the gubernaculum aids in the descent of the gonads. This being both testes and ovaries. The testes would descend to a greater degree than the ovaries and thus passing through the inguinal canal. The gubernaculum connects the gonad to the inguinoscrotal region and is involved in testis descent. In the male fetus it rapidly develops, whereas in the female fetus, development is lacking.

Gastrointestinal duplications are rare congenital anomalies but interesting clinical entities. Most of them showing up in pediatric population they have a varied presentation, with clinical features will vary from asymptomatic abdominal masses to bowel obstruction or perforation. This review traces the embryological origin and describes the anatomical types of duplications. Lack of normal gut motility interferes with movement of intestinal contents In children mostly associated with abdominal surgery or infection. Adhesions are fibrous bands of tissue Cause: postoperative small bowel obstruction after abdominal surgery The majority of obstructions: is single adhesions and can occur any time after 2nd postoperative week

The object of this communication is to call attention to the practical importance of knowledge of abnormalities of the midgut. Intestinal malrotation refers to the partial or complete failure of rotation of midgut around the superior mesenteric vessels in the embryonic life. Arrested midgut rotation results due to narrow based mesentry and increases the risk of twisting midgut and subsequent obstruction and necrosis.

A lot of controversy continues regarding the development of human penile urethra.Posterior urethral valves are congenital disorder and can only seen in male infants. It caused by failure of regression of the mesonephric duct. Most of cases PUV’s a sporadic and only occur in males, evidence suggests that they can be found in siblings or twins in a family. If PUV’s are not diagnosed and treated early they can cause damage in the ureters, urethra, bladder and kidney, constraints lung developments cause of low quantity of amniotic fluid. PUV’s are commonly diagnosed prior to birth or at birth when a male infant is evaluated for antennal hydronephrosis.

Pre-ureteric vena cava is a rare congenital disorder, usually presenting clinically with hydronephrosis and an “S or fishhook” deformity of the ureter at the lumbar vertebrae three and four. Unusual presentations do occur and can lead to misdiagnoses. Though it is a congenital disorder, patients do not normally present with symptoms until the 30 years of life with various complains, results due to back pressure changes lead to hydronephrosis (water in the kidney).

The development of the kidney begins on the 4th week with three slightly overlapping kidney systems during intrauterine life in humans. The series are pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. During day 22 of human gestation, there is the formation of pronephros in the cervical region of the embryo. The mesonephros is developed after the pronephros is developed. Mesonephric duct develops an out pouching, the ureteric bud near its attachment to the cloaca during the fifth week of gestation. Congenital anomalies may arise from the failure of the ureteric bud to develop or malrotation.

The urachus is developmentally the upper part of the bladder, both being derived from the ventral cloaca. This part of the bladder narrows more, but retains in miniature. It is then known as the urachus. The urachus shares in the post-partum descent of the bladder, and in the adult is a cone-shaped structure passing up from the bladder apex, and attached to the umbilicus only by adventitial bands derived from the umbilical arteries which it has pulled down in its descent. Like the bladder it has a peritoneal and an extra-peritoneal surface and has the transversalis fascia on its outer and the peritoneum on its inner surface. The lumen of the urachus remains patent throughout life, though it may be plugged in places by masses of epithelial cells which have peeled or come off in scales from the walls of its canal.