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To develop a 3D computational model of a Surface Acoustic Wave based sensor in order to understand the SAW wave propagation characteristics built with enhanced sensitivity. A Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave propagating along the surface of a solid material. SAW’s are featured in many kinds of electronic components including filters, oscillators, sensors, etc. SAW devices typically use electrodes on a piezoelectric material to convert an electrical signal to a SAW and back again. In this model we investigate the resonance frequencies of a SAW gas sensor, which consists of an Inter Digitated Transducer (IDT) etched onto a piezoelectric LiNbO3 (Lithium Niobate) substrate and covered with a thin Poly Isobutylene (PIB) film. The mass of the PIB film increases as PIB selectivity adsorbs CH2Cl2 (Dichrolomethane, DCM) in the air. This causes a shift in resonance to a slightly lower frequency.

Tropospheric ozone is one of the key species in the atmosphere and it plays a vital role in the air quality, atmospheric chemistry, and climate change over a region. Being a secondary species produced from the photolysis of trace gases, ozone offers a good tracer to comprehend the atmospheric air quality. Economic liberalization in India began in early nineties which lead to a significant growth in industrial, energy and transport sectors in India. The advent of multinational industries in Indian cities could significantly increase the population. The rapid enhancement in industrial and anthropogenic activities in Indian cities could result a deterioration of air quality and this has influenced the rural areas as well. This work aims at the estimation of air quality in rural environment in Indian sub-continent before and after the economic liberalization in India. It shows an evidence of increase in tropospheric ozone over these hotspots lying along the coastal belt of the Arabian Sea which were mostly unpolluted prior to the period of liberalization.

Fudge is a traditional type of confectionary which is usually very sweet and extremely rich, prepared using sugar, butter, milk and flavor. In the present study, the investigator developed cocoa fudge adopting conventional technology and processing techniques involved roasting, grinding and heating. The developed cocoa fudge samples were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and proximate composition and were compared to those of commercially available fudge samples. The results revealed that there was significant difference in the proximate composition between the developed cocoa fudge samples and the standard fudge samples at p?0.05. No significant difference was observed in most of the determined physicochemical properties of the developed sample. Hence the study ascertain that the sensory qualities may be similar as there was no change in the physicochemical characteristic and would be acceptable by everyone. For wider supply and optimum utilization of cocoa, this conventional technology technique can be adopted.Further it may bring great income to the cultivars and in turn add the economy of our country.

The global financial meltdown has propelled the leading Indian IT giants towardsinnovative management strategies. This paper examines the way Infosys Technologies Ltd. is able to withstand impact of GFM by adopting innovative management practices. The paper makes an attempt to enumerate some of the best management practices do adopted by Indian IT giant. The continuous downward moving  bottom-line of IT companies has made most of them to initiate various measures which mainly comprises of uncalled for measures such as lay off, reduced pay package, etc. Such undesirable measures could be detrimental to the employees, corporate image, productivity and efficiency and society at large. The innovative practicesadopted by Infosys Technologies Ltd are tabulated under different areas of decision making which comprises of Pricing, Human Resource Management, Customer Services, Marketing, Innovation & Transformation, Cost Cutting, etc. The above said practices can be a ways to beat economic downturn and may be of tremendous help in enhancing and building business competencies for future growth. The study is descriptive in nature, which fundamentally aims at studying innovative management practices adopted by Infosys Technologies Ltd, and to draw conclusion aboutinnovative management practices. Based on conclusion drawn suggestions have been made.

The paper highlights the weaknesses of the Indian Management Education System. After an in-depth study of the system, the issues that have been surfaced are- over production of management graduates, recklessness in meeting the quality requirements, lack of research facilities, student interface and attention to specialization specific niche concepts. It has also been found that in majority of B-Schools, Entrepreneurship stands no meaning and they follow poor admission procedures. This is an indicative of the fact that inclusive growth is still a dream for India and will remain for a long time to come. However, an immense potential for radical change can help fructify the suggested model- “MERT”, which is holistic and modern in approach and lively in practice. It shall try to uplift the Management Education System by bringing about an initiative for inclusive growth of the industry. The acronym MERT stands for Management Education Reform Triangle.

Pteropus giganteus is a largest fruit bat in India, belongs to the order suborder Megachiroptera and it is widely distributed in Indian subcontinent. Four different day roost sites of P. giganteus were surveyed in Madurai district. One single tree roost camp and three multiple trees roost camps were observed in the surveyed roost sites. Among the four roost sites, totally 21 species of plant saplings were identified under the day roost camps. Seed dispersal by this fruit bat shows that they disperse variety of seeds of different plants species in the vicinity of the roosting trees apart from the foraging trees. Borassus flabellifer, Anacardium occidentale, Nerium indicum, Phoenix dactylifera, Prosopis juliflora and Madhuca indica were dominated in the surveyed roost sites and that species saplings were recorded as maximum in the roosting vicinity confirming that P. giganteus indeed helps in seed dispersal to maintain the heterogeneity in the Madurai region.

Today world economy is more concerned about a disease which is much dangerous than swine flu, know as Global Financial Meltdown. The impact of GFM experienced by financial and economic systems around the world. The rising defaults on sub-prime mortgages in the US had triggered a global crisis for the financial markets. Many of the world’s leading investment banks have collapsed .The crisis has become one of the most radical reshaping of the global banking sector, as governments and the private sector battle to shore up the financial system following the disappearance of Lehman and Merrill as independent entities. The impact was so severe that it brought about new challenges for corporate around the world and were forced to initiate measures which left employees jobless and morale nose diving. The measures like salary cut, retrenchment /layoff became tools to tackle GFM.

This study aims to analyze and compare errors made by students when using simple tenses in essay writing. The comparison was made after 6 months. The respondents of the study consisted of secondary school students from the Alpha and Beta classes and UiTM Kelantan groups which consisted of first and third diploma students from three different programmes. All respondents were asked to write an essay twice, with 6-month gap based on the same writing stimulus. In total, there were 107 essays written by respondents in each writing session, giving a grand total of 214 essays being analyzed. The results indicated an increase in errors amounting to 4.47% among students in the Alpha group but there is a reduction of 13.76% among the Beta group which was the weaker group. As for UiTM students, Diploma in Banking students showed an increase in the amount of errors by 8.2%. On contrary, Diploma in Business and Diploma in Information Management students showed a decrease in the amount by 23.79% and 3.4 %, respectively. The results of the study also indicated that there were some similarities in the types of errors made by the students.

The incidence, effect, and causal organism of fungal leaf spot diseases of orange tree (Citrus spp.) in Southeastern Nigeria were investigated. Healthy and diseased samples of orange leaves were obtained from Aba, Amagunze, Awka, Nkpor , and Onitsha all in Southeastern Nigeria. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was used for isolation of fungi. Ten trees with disease symptoms were sampled at each location using visual assessment method and their percentage frequency calculated. The occurrence of fungal leaf spot was least at Nkpor (30%) and highest at Aba (43%). The fungi identified were Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporium, Botryodiplodia theobromae, and Geotrichium spp. The F. solani occurred at highest percentage of 37.5% incidence while the lowest was B. theobromae at 6.25%. The pathogenicity test revealed that the major cause fungal leaf spot disease of orange was B. theobromae, Fusarium solani, and F. oxysporium. Although, leaf spot disease is a minor economic problem that reduces crop yield, a number of control measures need to be adopted.