International Business

Interaction process could occur via various means for instance, trade, war, exploration, settlement, colonist, media or entertainment. It can be observed through assimilation process resulting from the clashes of religion, language, customs, food or clothing or other elements. Indirectly, we can witness huge and prominent civilizations dominateless prominent ones. Generally, there are four types of interaction switch can best describe the occurrence among civilization; physical interaction, theological or religious interaction, science and technology interaction and cultural interaction(Zulkifli Dahlan:2009).

This study was carried out aimed at determining the effect of individual creativity components on employee s Engagement at work in the central staff of Agriculture Organization of Qom. Research variables include any types of individual creativity components (ambiguity tolerance, listening to inner voice, lateral thinking, ideas collection and development, prevention from hasty evaluation of ideas, steps of comparison, welcoming fortuity) which have been as independent variables, and employee s Engagement at work as a dependent variable. To collect required data, two valid and reliable questionnaires were used which had been used in the previous studies. Then, two questionnaires were implemented by Pilot-Study method and Cronbach alpha coefficient obtained 87.52 and 89.24 respectively. By utilization of correlation method, SPSS software, multiple regressions, Pearson test, and also Freidman test have been used for data analysis. The results of hypotheses tests which calculated in confidence level 95% indicated that all research hypotheses were confirmed.

Indeed, elucidation of any ethical system depends on human cognition and untill the founder of moral system has no correct cognition about human it cannot distinguish value from its counter and cannot separate well-being propositions from the atrocious one,thus any act of moral is based on a particular ideology and any philosophical school, any heavenly and non- heavenly religion is based on its moral virtue and criterion and finally is to consolidate and defend it with its knowledge. The author of this paper attempts to examine the comparative study of the subject from the perspective of the ethitical realisms (Socratest, Plato, and Aristotle) and the Islam moral system through descriptive and analytical approach, and at the end after comparing these views, concludes that the virtue and Islamic moral criterion is a comprehensive criterion which includes objective good, subjective good and ultimate good which its infra-structure is "justice", but these criteria have been ethically and clearly explained and collected in none of moral schools.

The biggest killer is not AIDS or cancer but psychological problems, and we see that very high level of stress found in bank employees. The banking sector is becoming increasingly competitive around the country and the level of product and service quality being offered to customer is almost same. Hence, the bank management adds more responsibilities on the shoulders of employees, resulting into a pressure on them, with increasing psychological problems i.e. stress, strain, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, etc. This situation, in which the employees have little or no sense of identification with their job, can cause an individual looking for another job or don’t perform efficiently their own. Therefore, it is very difficult for management that how to maintains bank employees’ ability to develop successful performance with their organization under present conditions. In this juncture, the present study is undertaken to address specific problems of private bank employees related to occupational stress. This throw light in to the pathogenesis of various problems related to occupational stress among bank employees. The study will be helpful to drawn up further policy on the related fields and act as a secondary data for further research.

The purpose of writing the current paper is to survey the effect of intellectual capital on competitive advantage in Abyek cement Company. Two separated questionnaires about intellectual capital (contains human, organizational and relational capitals) were designed and after proving their validity and reliability distributed among 277 employees in Abyek Company. The results of applying Pearson and Regression test explained that intellectual capital and its indices have positive and meaningful influence on competitive advantage in which the effect of human and relational capital was more than organizational capital. The result of applying Entropy technique proved the mentioned results. Finally it was found that all variables apart from human capital were placed in high levels.

This study investigated the relationship between operational auditing The Government Accountability Supreme Audit Court of Auditors is the view. The study population included 1072 persons, the official technical expert computing the whole country Court of Auditors to the Auditor General In 1389 are working in this field. 330 people in this study using simple random sampling As the sample is selected. Using survey data gathered with data and raw data into meaningful And values for each variable using data from the questions it has been calculated Using SPSS software Considering both descriptive statistics and the statistics And inferential statistics Has been processed and analyzed. For data analysis of two test T-TEST Correlation test was used. Results confirm the existence of the relationship between operational audit on government accountability Supreme Audit Court of Auditors is the view.

Biotechnology is one of the new and strategic technologies which have been regarded as a suitable and powerful tool for access to sustainable development. For this reason, some countries have made long-term investments and planning for utilization of its potential. In Iran, many efforts have been made to progress biotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnological projects have been transferred to the country. But requirement of a suitable technology transfer to the country is transfer of this technology based on a compiled and conscious plan. In this article, three objectives have been considered: The first objective is views of the experts about essential questions including barriers to technology transfer in pharmaceutical biotechnology, methods of technology transfer and the used models for transfer. The second objective is study of technology transfer process in projects transferred to the country. In this regard, different phases of technology transfer were specified and the specialists were asked to answer this question to specify weak and strong points in technology transfer. The third objective is study of factors effective on technology transfer in pharmaceutical biotechnology. In this regard, important elements in technology transfer process which can cause to progress this industry in the country were specified by coordination with specialists and experts and such indices were studied with use of DEMATEL technique to specify what elements are effective on technology transfer process and which elements are affected in technology transfer process which can play important role in decision of the authorities.

The corporate sector is vital mainstay that contributes towards the economic development of the country. This study examines the relationship of training opportunities, career opportunities, and work Motivation and satisfaction on employee commitment. The result of conceptual study shows that career training opportunities, career opportunities, and work Motivation and satisfaction have a positive relation with the commitment of employees in corporate sector of Pakistan. Organizations that provide career and learning opportunities have a committed workforce that has ultimately boosted the performance and productivity of the organization. Other factor of job related variables such as work motivation and job satisfaction has also a significant positive link with employee commitment. Conclusion, future research direction and recommendation are discussed in the end of paper which will help future researchers to better understand the phenomenon.

Entrepreneurship has played an important role in economic growth, innovation, competitiveness and in poverty alleviation. This study investigated the entrepreneurial culture and its influence on performance of enterprises in retail and services enterprises in Eldoret Town –Kenya. Entrepreneurial Culture (EC) on performance of fifteen Micro Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (MSMEs) in manufacturing, transport, pharmaceutical, hotel, communication and education sectors in Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County –Kenya were interrogated. The influence of entrepreneurial culture was assessed on performance dimensions such as profits, revenue, and the number of employees, customer growth & opening up of new branches. Interviews were used as the main instrument for data collection. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied for data analysis. Findings showed that over 95% of performance of MSMEs in the selected sectors was influenced by entrepreneurial culture. Profitability, sales revenue, employment vacancies, number of new businesses and customer growth were significantly correlated with entrepreneurial culture. Results indicated that there were correlations among independent variable which was entrepreneurial culture and dependent variable - in this case the performance of the enterprises. This study could be useful to among others, entrepreneurs, educationists and policy makers to plan their activities towards entrepreneurship development of MSMEs in the country.

Our research deals with a boosting sector in Pakistan’s economy that is the small and medium enterprises that are being managed and run by the families (family business), because these firms are the very important asset of Pakistan like any other country which contribute about 65% in the economy of Pakistan. The aim of this contemplate is to diagnose the ownership and management style in family businesses. That is whether there is any difference in running a family business and a non family business. And if there a difference exists then to investigate that difference. This research design is a self reported research because it is the most commonly used method of business research for small business and entrepreneurship quantitative research. In our research we are going to understand and investigate the different variables like leadership style, family conflicts while running a family business, succession planning in family business and many other variables with a non family firm. In the past there are many researches on these issues in family business yet these areas need much more attention of the researchers and the other businessmen. The result of our research showed that there are significant difference in a family firm and a non family firm because a family firm has much more other pressures on it. The result of our research suggest that the leader of the family business should adopt a participative leadership style through this he/she can share all business and management decision with his/her family and employees which helps him/her to get family trust and employees loyalty along with increase productivity and expansion in the family business. This research is being conducted in on the small and medium enterprises in a selected area of Sargodha Pakistan. Therefore results may not be generalized around the globe.