International Business

This article briefly discusses about Consumer Education which provides the knowledge necessary to develop citizens into intelligent consumers. Formal Education, Non-Formal Education, Advantages, Aims of Consumer Education, Benefits of Consumer Education, Sources for imparting Consumer Education, Consumer Education to Rural Citizens, Approaches and Techniques of Consumer Education, Educational Institutes and Magazines in India and other countries providing Consumer Education, Resolutions of IOCU on Consumer Education and Consumer Guidance and Counselling are discussed.

This paper develops and tests the relationship between economic diversification and growth in Euro-Mediterranean countries. The analysis covers the period 1975-2013 in a panel data of 35 Euro-Med countries, and introduces a bootstrapped Granger-causality approach in order to analyze the unidirectional causality, and likely the bidirectional causality between economic diversification and growth. Overall, results provide robust empirical evidence of a positive impact of growth on economic diversification in most of developing countries benefiting from diversifying their economies in contrast to developed countries that perform with more economic specialization.

Equity markets are the reflection of macro-economic policies of the state is generally considered as a controversial hypothesis. Therefore it is required to explore the relationship among economic variables and equity prices in context to Pakistan economy. This study comprised on monthly data regarding to the period (6/2004-6/2010). Variables under study are Foreign exchange rate, Money supply M1, Inflation rate, Interest rate, Industrial production index and Karachi stock exchange (KSE 100 index). Descriptive statistics, Augmented dickey fuller test, Johansen’s cointgeration test is used to test the hypothesis and for the purpose of impact study, Ordinary least squares applied. The results indicate that only Interest rates have long run relationship to the equity market. All remaining variables have negative while interest rate has a positive, but having insignificant impact on the equity returns. The results are not favored in predicting the equity returns in Pakistan context.

An engaged employee is considered as a panacea for most of the organizational problems. This article focuses on the critical aspects of need for the engaged employee, how an organization can redesign its employee engagement drivers, with the use of different models available in literature. It reviews the traditional method, current studies and research performed on the employee engagement and views that human resource leaders needs to adopt the innovative way and real transformation that happens in corporate world to retain and engage employees to remain competitive in today’s global marketplace.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is at the heart of any E-Business activity. All of the companies doing business electronically through their websites emphasize upon the various aspects of e-CRM (Electronic CRM) including the organization of information on the websites, website customization, order tracking and delivery channels, security and safety measures, registration and login procedures, ease of checkout, customer support (Email, live chat, telephone) etc. This study elaborates the various activities/features of e-CRM adopted by the Kiddicare, olivers and Babyboodle for the promotion of their business and market share. The result emphasize on enhancing the Customer’s satisfaction through revised e-CRM strategies.

The purpose of this study is to examine the behavior of exchange rate movements towards foreign direct investment (FDI). Comparative data analysis is applied through answering developed research questions, which are: “What are different types of exchange rate risks that multi-national corporations face?”; “Is there any impact of exchange rate movement on capital market structure of recipient country?”; “Does decision of pioneer Multi-national Corporation affect rivals’ FDI decision?”; and “What is the impact of exchange rate movement on exchange theories?”. Study found that Multi-National Corporations face two main exposures of exchange rate known as cash flow exposure and accounting exposure; exchange rate movements affect market structure; firms follow the rivals in an oligopoly while making foreign direct investment with product differentiation; and exchange rate variations have longitudinal impact on trade theory and state that investment abroad is alternative to trade when free flow of goods is impeded by tariff or other barriers.

In this research, we can try to analyze policy making process from politic point of view, and we treated with define politics, operational principle of politics, politic parties, power and it is resources, beneficiary groups, origin of nominee group’s formation and it’s concluded that policy making is a political process. And in another words, policy making before being a weighty and logical choosing, is result of power action and political business.

This paper examines the relationships between entry mode, corporate characteristics, and performance of foreign firms in Japan. The entry mode classified into wholly ownership subsidiaries and joint ventures (JVs) subsidiaries. The profitability determined by adjusted net profit ratio to measure the integrated profitability. By using financial data of 319 foreign corporations in Japan, we conclude that the profitability of joint venture ownership is better than wholly ownership for manufacturing companies while wholly ownership is better than joint venture ownership for non-manufacturing companies. In addition, the profitability of joint ventures with minority ownership is the best entry mode for manufacturing companies and equally ownership for non-manufacturing companies in Japan.

In this research, we can try to analyze policy making process from politic point of view, and we treated with define politics, operational principle of politics, politic parties, power and it is resources, beneficiary groups, origin of nominee group’s formation and it’s concluded that policy making is a political process. And in another words, policy making before being a weighty and logical choosing, is result of power action and political business.

The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical study of the long-run relationship between unemployment rates and labor force participation rates in the Sweden, United State and urban China. In Sweden, Osterholm (2010) investigated whether unemployment and labor force participation is an issue that has important implications for theory, empirical modeling & policy in labour and macroeconomics. On the other hand Liu (2011) analyzed pattern and trends in labor force participation rate & employment in urban for the past few decade in China. Emerson (2011) did the study for United States on unemployment and labour force participation. While Emerson (2011) and Osterholm (2010) results leads us to question the empirical relevance of the unemployment invariance hypothesis for the United States and Sweden, Liu (2011) provided comprehensive and more up-to-date study on topic with extension in examining employment, type of decomposition to shed light on the source of gender difference.