Hormones and Signaling

An efficient, rapid and large scale propagation of the elite exotic, zero calorie, medicinal plant, Stevia rebaudiana Bert. through in vitro axillary bud multiplication was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP, Kn and Ascorbic acid. However, the high frequency of morphogenetic response from axillary meristem was optimized on MS medium supplemented with 5.5µm BAP along with 50 mg/l Ascorbic acid. On average 90-91 shoots were induced per-explant of the initial material. Non-rooted shoots were sub-cultured to ½ MS medium containing IBA (0.2-1.0µm) for rooting. However, shoots readily formed roots (100%) when sub-cultured to ½ MS basal medium containing IBA 0.5 µm. The rooted micro-shoots were carefully transferred to soil rite TC mix: garden soil: compost (1:1:1 v/v/v) and subsequently shifted to the field with a survival rate of 70±7%.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is important risk factors for some disorders such as nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases that its prevalence is increasing in human society. Herbal medicine is the oldest kind of diseases cure has recognized. However, rational prescription of effective medicinal plants for diabetes cure requires precise information of action mechanism of these plants. Purpose of our project is investigation of Cornus mas effects on blood biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: In present study, 40 male rats divided in 4 groups. Group 1(normal group) was treated by saline. Group 2(diabetic control) was treated by alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p). Group 3(extract group) diabetic rats that received hydro-alcoholic extract of C.mas(100mg /kg, i.p). Group 4(glibenclamide group) diabetic rats that received glibenclamide(500mcg /kg, i.p). After 72 hours, the animals were anesthetized and the blood was collected into a tube, then, levels of serum glucose, lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, and VLDL), triglycerides, and total cholesterol were evaluated by enzymatic kits. Results: The results showed significant reduction of glucose, triglyceride, VLDL and LDL levels in group 3 in comparison with group 2(P<0.001). Glucose and LDL reduction by C.mas are similar to glibenclamide and TG, VLDL reduction by C.mas are more than glibenclamide. C.mas also could increase HDL levels significantly in comparison with group 2(P<0.001) that this effect is similar to glibenclamide effect on HDL. Conclusion: According to the results, C.mas can be use in diabetics in order to glucose and lipid reduction, nevertheless, requires more researches.

Human affiliative behaviors are indispensable for the physical and psychological wellbeing and normal development of individuals. However, how to study the neurobiology of affiliation from temperamental domain is little examined. Based on theoretical arguments about affiliative behaviors in temperamental domain, this review clarifies the concept of affiliative temperament, and then provides a review of the neurobiology of affiliative temperament by the integration of the mirror neuron system (MNS), the dopaminergic reward system, and the neuropeptides. Reviews show that affiliative temperament is firstly a complex and as a part of it, emotional contagion roots in the MNS from the birth. Secondly, the dopaminergic system relating to affiliative temperament can be divided into the regulative system including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), and the evaluative system including superior temporal sulcus (STS), ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), insula, and amygdala. Thirdly, oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VAP) modulate neural circuits in VTA and NAcc. Finally, structural and functional abnormalities in affiliation-related brain circuits contribute to the pathogenesis of psychopathological disorders as well as antisocial behaviors.

The study was carried out to ascertain the antioxidant effect of vitamin E on sub-acute toxicological effects of alpha cypermethrin in male albino rats using hepatic enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (Alkphos) as indicators. Nine albino rats divided into 3 groups were fed diets mixed with vitamin E for 2 weeks to saturation prior experiment were administered with alpha cypermethrin intraperitoneally at concentrations of 50, 100 and 500mg /kg concentrations while the 4th group of 3 albino rats were fed normal rat diet with distilled water and injected with physiological saline and compared with albino rats fed normal rat diets administered with alpha cypermethrin intraperitoneally at similar concentrations. The result showed dose dependent significant increases in mean ± SEM Aspartate transaminase, Alanine transaminase and Alkaline phosphatase in the cypermethrin treated when compared with the vitamin E treated male albino rats (P< 0.05). Alpha cypermethrin elicited severe dose dependent changes in the hepatic enzymes, while treatment with vitamin E reduced enzyme activities in male albino ratswith milder alterations. The results of this study have shown that vitamin E conferred some level of protection on Alpha cypermethrin treated male albino rats.

The study was carried out to determine the variations in growth hormone secretion in females between morning and evening. Blood samples were collected from 60 females at Elele, both in the morning and evening. The samples were assayed using ELISA-based Growth hormone assay to quantitate the growth hormone concentrations of these females between morning and evening. The result showed a significant increase in growth hormone secretion in the morning (4.70±0.54ng/ml) compared with (2.02±0.23ng/ml) obtained in the evening (P<0.05). Females less than 20 years of age (20 subjects) had the highest secretion in the morning (4.99±0.98) compared with the evening (2.35±0.35) while females within 20-30 years had4.58±1.04 and1.54±0.33 for morning and evening respectively. Females within 30-40 age group had 4.53±0.80 and 2.18±0.50 for morning and evening respectively. The result of this study suggest that Growth hormone pulse amplitude increased significantly in the morning after the onset of a night sleep (4.70±0.54) and was significantly greater than the secretion rate in the evening(2.02±0.23).

The aim of this study was to investigate the radiological effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) diode laser on the fracture healing in the distal third of radius in dogs, 18 male adult street dogs were used, and Transverse fracture induced in the distal third of the radius under general anesthesia using the combination of ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/Kg.B.W) and xylazine (5 mg/Kg.B.W), then fixed by (Gypson), with window to facilitate direct irradiation of the laser therapy. The animals were divided into two equal groups each contain 9 dogs. Control group left without laser irradiation, treated groups which received daily single dose of LLLT (850 nm, for 5 minutes at 72 hours interval for 14th days). The radiological findings were represents early new bone formation in the treated group at end of the 1st wk, compare with the control group. This new bone formation became more dense in the end of the 3rd wk in the treated group with slightly disappear of the fracture line and signs of bridge formation at the fracture sites ,compare with the control group which appear slight new bone formation in the same period. At the end of the 6th wk complete radiological union in the treated group, while in the control group at the same period the fracture line still visible with no radiological union. The conclusion is the LLLT accelerated fracture healing in the distal third of radius in dogs.

Lipid abnormalities are common in hemodialysis patients, they are potentially atherogenic. The aim of our work is to study the quantitative changes in lipid parameters and find a correlation between dyslipidemia and the occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in chronic hemodialysis patients followed in our training. We conducted a prospective study in 36 chronic hemodialysis patients for at least one year, non-diabetic, non-smoking. The dialysis membrane used was helixone. Dyslipidemia was defined by a TG levels > 1.5 g / l and / or a rate of CT> 2g / l. The mean age was 45.53 ± 13.42 years , 30.5 % were overweight. Causal nephropathy was undetermined in 55.6 % of cases. The quality of the dialysis was characterized by a KT / V Average 1.12 ± 0.21. Dyslipidemia was present in 66.5 % of our patients. Sixty-seven percent of patients had LVH. An analytical study was carried out between the group of patients with LVH (group I) and those who had not (group II). We found a significant increase of TG (p = 0.001) (2.14 ± 0.76 vs 1.19 ± 0.21) , the rate of CT ( p = 0.001) (2.31 ± 0.66 vs 1.20 ± 0.32) , the rate of LDL-C (p = 0.001) (1.83 ± 0.38 vs 0.89 ± 0.23) and CLDL / CHLD ratio (p = 0.001) ( 5.41 ± 1.98 vs 2.09 ± 0.83 ) and a significant decrease in the rate of HDL-C (0.36 ± 0.11 vs 0.47 ± 0.16 ) in group I by compared to group II. Nineteen percent of patients were on statin. No complication of rhabdomyolysis was observed. Assessment of lipid profile should be integrated into the strategy for the management of chronic hemodialysis since cardiovascular risks they are exposed.

Alcoholism is a significant problem in India. Alcohol misuse is considered as a serious public health issue in India and at large in the world. In addition to its prevalence among the adult population, this behaviour is equally present among adolescents also.1 Alcoholism is a condition in which an individual loses control over his alcohol intake. It is constantly unable to refrain from drinking once he begins. Impairment may involve physiological, psychological or social dysfunction the increasing production, distribution, promotion and easy availability of alcohol coupled with the changing values of society has resulted in alcohol-related problems emerging as a major public health concern in India. The rate of alcohol intake and related problems is increasing.

The study was carried out on 55 subjects made up of 27 apparently healthy individuals and 28 subjects who had liver disease. Their lipid and lipoprotein profiles were estimated using standard methods. The result showed that total cholesterol was significantly reduced from 4.71+1.44mmol/l in control to 3.37+1.46 in hepatic disease (P<0.05). Also HDL and LDL cholesterol were significantly reduced (P<0.05) from 0.89+0.37mmol/l and 3.25+1.54mmol/l respectively to 0.31+0.11mmol/l and 2.00+1.30mmol/l while triglycerides significantly increased (P<0.05) from 1.29+0.80mmol/l in control to 2.50+0.89mmol/l in hepatic disease. The result of the study showed that liver diseases can cause lipid dysfunction.

Disorders of sexual function seriously disrupt the experience of women followed by periodic but unfortunately they are encor taboo hemodialysis. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence and find a correlation between clinical and biological parameters on the one hand and sexual disorders observed other. This is a multicenter, descriptive and analytical referred conducted in 63 premenopausal women followed by periodic hemodialysis cross-sectional study. The definition of sexual disorders is primarily based on the subjective assessment of patients. They were selected each time the patient reported that alteration of one or more stages of the sexual response. The mean age of patients was 39.25 ± 15.26 years. Causal nephropathy was 14% of glomerular , vascular 9.5% , 4.7% diabetic , tubulo- intrestitielle 4.7% and indeterminate in 66 % of cases. Sexual problems were present in 69.2 % of cases, in 77% of cases they appeared after the start of hemodialysis . It showed a decreased libido (61.9%) , anorgasmia (38.4%) , vaginismus ( 15%), dyspareunia (30%) , disorders of arousal (53.8 %) , lack of sexual satisfaction (69.2% ), an irregular cycle ( 30%) and secondary amenorrhea (15 %). Only 30 % of patients had previously talked about their troubles : a nephrologist ( 40%), partner ( 20%), friends (20% ) , herbalist (20 %). Twenty percent of these patients were using traditional treatment. A comparative study between the group who had sexual dysfunction (group I) and those who had not ( group II) was performed. No significant difference was found (p> 0.05) Discussion and The sexual problems are common in women hemodialysis. More efforts are needed to better understand their pathogenesis and optimize their care