Physiology and Anatomy

The present study aimed to explore knowledge and various myths related to Diabetes mellitus and antidiabetic drugs in our population. A descriptive cross sectional survey was conducted at the weekly diabetic clinic of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro over one year period. A sample of 560 subjects was studied including both diabetics and non-diabetics. A pre-structured proforma was used to gather information. The questions regarding myths and knowledge about diabetes mellitus and antidiabetic drugs were asked. The data was analyzed using the Statistix (USA version 8.1.) computer software statistical package. The continuous and categorical variables were analyzed using student`s t - test and Chi-square respectively. Regarding the antidiabetic drug therapy, a highly aberrant behavior of diabetics was noted. Only 42.2% of the diabetics were taking antidiabetic drugs regularly, rest were using drugs as on-off or on-demand therapy. The myths were noted as; Diabetics can take honey as it alleviates the blood sugar, herbal agents completely cure diabetes mellitus and diabetes is a disease of urine. The most dangerous myths were noted for the insulin therapy. Many diabetics responded that the insulin is a poison, which once started cannot be stopped. The insulin is used for those who are near to die and is not good for health. The myths and lack of proper knowledge of Diabetes mellitus are prevalent among population which could be associated with poor health seeking behavior; and increased morbidity and mortality.

A 6-years-old girl was admitted in the ophthalmology emergency room for right penetrating intraorbital trauma by a voluminous piece of wood. The intraorbital trajectory was analyzed by CT scan and 3D images reconstruction. The wood foreign body has crossed upper and lower eyelids and then has emerged from the right nasal cavity through the medial canthus. The eyeball was intact. Extraction of the fragment associated with an adapted antibiotic treatment led to clinical improvement with complete recovery. This trauma, despite its serious aspect, fortunately did not have functional consequences.

Strangulation is a form of violent asphyxial death and majority of cases are homicidal in nature. This report illustrates an unusual cause of accidental strangulation death of 44 years old female caused due to chunni (a piece of cloth worn around the neck by most Indian women) being caught in moving sugarcane crusher. She was immediately taken to the emergency department of PGIMS Rohtak, where a few hours later she was declared dead, despite all the resuscitation and IVF/drugs. In summary, this case exemplifies the unsuspected inherent danger of wearing long scarf (chunni) while working with machinery.

We report the case of Mr. FL aged 60 , former smoking with 15 packs / year weaned ago 30 years, no particular medical history who underwent total cystoprostatectomy bladder tumor infiltrating the muscle 14 years ago enterocystoplasty with it .

Traumatic hip dislocation in children is a rare disease .We report the case of a child aged 11 years old male who presented a posterior pure dislocation of the left hip after a sports accident. A reduction in emergency was performed with a perfect radiological control. Subsequent treatment consisted of pulling stuck for 45 days. The child was seen with a decline of 1 year. Hip was considered normal. This entity is exceptional in small children It may be secondary to minimal trauma as coxa valga or excessive femoral neck anteversion or ligamentous laxity may explain a predisposition to this dislocation. His prognosis is very good if urgent care is performed.

Nephrogenic metaplasia is a benign tumor characterized by urothelial tubulo - papillary structures. It is also called nephrogenic adenoma . It is a benin lesion and highly prone to recurrency. We report a case of a bladder nephrogenic metaplasia of a 65 years old patient with hematuria and POLLAKIURIA. Clinical examination was normal . Ultrasonography showed a circumferential thickening bladder , while cystoscopy showed a tumor at the dome and the right side. A transurethral resection of the bladder was performed. Histological study concluded at the existence of nephrogenic metaplasia of the bladder mucosa . The evolution was favorable and postoperative controls, including cystoscopy and intravenous urography (IVU ) at 1, 3 and 6 months were normal.

The growth hormone concentrations of 25 male students of Madonna University, Elele within the age group of 19-27years were determined pre and post exercise and compared. Growth hormone levels were assayed using the commercially available Human Growth Hormone quantitative test kit whose principle is based on a solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data generated was calculated statistically using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17. The result showed significant difference in 4.23 ± 0.90 ng/ml in pre exercise and 15.13 ± 1.83 ng/ml in post exercise (P<0.05).There was significant increase in growth hormone pre and Post exercise at different age groups 19-21years(3.61 ± 0.90 ng/ml and 16.18 ± 4.40 ng/ml), 22-24(2.35 ± 0.77 ng/ml and 14.64 ± 2.09 ng/ml) and 25-27 (9.71 ± 2.91 ng/ml and 14.65 ± 4.14 ng/ml). The study has shown that exercise can affect concentration of growth hormone.

To investigate the protective effect of ?-Tocopherol (?-TP) in monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced liver injury in albino rat model. Experimental/Analytical study Place and Duration: Animal House, Isra University Hyderabad from February to September 2013.Subjects and Methods: Sixty albino rats were divided into three groups; Group 1. Controls received 0.9% isotonic saline, Group 2. received MSG orally (3mg/kg), and Group 3. received the MSG orally (3mg/kg) + ?-TP (0.2 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected for liver biochemical assays. The animals were sacrificed, liver tissue, after fixation in 4% formaldehyde, was embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections of 5? thickness were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin staining and were assessed by light microscopy. The data was analyzed on SPSS 21.0 using appropriate statistical tests. A p-value of ? 0.05 was taken statistically significant.Results: The liver biochemical and histological findings reveal statistically significant differences among the controls, MSG and MSG+ ?-TP groups (p=0.0001). Liver enzymes and histology was deranged significantly in MSG group compared to controls and MSG+?-TP group (p=0.0001). The MSG+?-TP group shows less elevation of liver enzymes and derangement in liver histology when compared to MSG group (p=0.001). The histological findings of congestion, inflammatory cell infiltrate, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis were found prominently in MSG group animal. The monosodium glutamate has deleterious effects on liver. It is important to reconsider the monosodium glutamate as a food flavor additive. ?-tocopherol protects against monosodium glutamate induced liver injury.

To investigate hepatoprotective effect of concentrated prune juice extract (CPJ) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury in albino rat model. Animal House, Isra University Hyderabad from May to December 2012. Subjects and Methods: Forty five albino rats were divided into three groups; Group1. Controls received 0.9% isotonic saline, Group 2. Received CCl4 orally (1.9mg/kg) mixed in olive oil, and Group 3. received the CCl4+CPJ. Blood samples were collected for liver biochemical assays. The animals were sacrificed, liver tissue, after fixation in 4% formaldehyde, was embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections of 5? thickness were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin staining and were assessed by light microscopy. The data was analyzed on Statistix 8.1 using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc test. A p-value of ? 0.05 was taken statistically significant. The liver biochemical and histological findings reveal statistically significant differences among the controls, CCl4 and CCl4+CPJ groups (p=0.0001). Liver enzymes and histology was deranged significantly in CCl4 group compared to controls and CCl4+CPJ group (p=0.0001).The CCl4+CPJ group shows less elevation of liver enzymes and derangement in liver histology when compared to CCl4 group (p=0.001). The histological findings of congestion, inflammatory cell infiltrate, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis are found prominent in CCl4 group. The present study concludes that Concentrated Prune Juice extract showed hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury.

The present study was conducted to determine the count of the number of adipocytes subcutaneous and intra-abdominal compartments and association with cardiometabolic diseases. Cross sectional study. March 2012 to April 2013 at the Departments of Anatomy, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad. A sample of 80 subjects was selected through non-probability purposive sampling including obese and non obese female undergoing elective cesarean section. Adipose tissue from subcutaneous and intra-abdominal sites was obtained during surgery. Tissue sections of 4? thickness were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Counting of the number of adipocytes per unit area was carried out through ocular grid. The data was analyzed on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. A p-value of ? 0.05 was taken statistically significant. The number of adipocytes in obese and non-obese from subcutaneous and intra-abdominal compartments showed significant differences. (p?0.01). An increased number of adipocytes were observed in intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAT) from abdomen of obese compared to non-obese and subcutaneous compartment (p=0.0001). Significant differences were observed in obese and non-obese for the diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension and dyslipidemia. (p<0.01). An increased number of adipocytes were observed in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and was associated with cardiometabolic diseases.