Psychology

The aim of this study is to examine the difference between attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas among depressed patients with previous suicidal intention and without any previous suicidal intention with normal population in the city of Kerman. A sample of 90 patients has been selected for this purpose. This statistical sample consists of 30 depressed patients with previous suicide intention, 30 depressed patients without previous suicide intention, and 30 nonclinical populations. The sampling method was convenience method. In order to collect the research data, the short questionnaire of Young and the questionnaire of adult attachment styles have been used. Multi-variable variance analysis and Tukey method have been employed in the SPSS for analyzing the research data and testing the research hypotheses. The findings of this study revealed that there is a significant difference between scores of schemas and attachment style among three sample groups. The results also revealed that there is a significant difference between two clinical and nonclinical groups in terms of schemas except devotion and strict criteria. Another part of the results revealed that there is a significant difference between two clinical groups in terms of insufficient restraint/self-discipline, fault/shame, vulnerability toward damage and illness, and captive. Also a significant relationship has been observed between unsafe attachment (avoidance) styles and potential suicide of the depressed people.

Present research was carried out to examine the extent of teachers’ awareness and utilization of innovative teaching strategies in private and public sector secondary schools, it further aimed to identify differences in the responses to teachers across teaching experience and professional background. A random sample of 100 secondary schools teachers were collected from various private and public sector schools of Islamabad. In this study 16 selected teaching strategies used to analyze teachers awareness and its utilization in classroom settings. For the measurement of research objective a questionnaire comprised of two section was develop, section 1 was based on awareness of innovative teaching strategies (32 items) and part 2 based on the utilization of innovative teaching strategies (16, items). Result reveled that level of teachers’ awareness and utilization of innovative strategies was high in the private sector schools as compared to the public sector schools, moreover teachers with more work experience and professional qualifications are aware with innovative teaching methodologies.

This study was designed to investigate whether grandparent-headed families have influence on pre-school learners’ class participation. The study was carried out in Mwingi Zone of Kitui County Kenya. The zone had a total of 67 public pre-schools and the study targeted all the 67 public pre-schools, 1030 pre-school learners and 88 pre-school teachers. The researcher employed descriptive survey design so as to get information from the sampled respondents. The researcher obtained the sample size of the study by using both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. The sampling techniques included stratified random sampling and purposive sampling. The schools in the zone were grouped into five clusters namely: Musukini, Kanzanzu, Mwingi, Ithumbi and Kyethani. The researcher used a representative sample of 10% of the targeted pre-school learners and 20.5% of the targeted pre-school teachers. To collect data from the respondents, the researcher used questionnaires and observation checklists. The questionnaires were used to collect data from pre-school teachers, while observation checklists were used to collect data from pre-school learners. After collecting the data, the researcher processed it by editing, coding, classifying and tabulating it and then analyzed the processed data using descriptive analysis, frequency distribution tables and percentages and Pearson Correlation Tables. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. The findings of the study indicated that there was a strong negative correlation (r= -0.833, P <0.05) between grandparent-headed families and the class participation of pre-school learners. The study recommended that the pre-schools should be encouraged to be conducting frequent guidance and counseling sessions for learners from grandparent-headed families. Pre-school class teachers should also identify the learners who are not active in class participation and encourage them to be active in class by offering gifts.

Studies have shown that alcohol use is a vice that has serious effects on the users. However use of the substance has been found to be highly prevalent among various populations including University students. In order to ascertain this assertion, this study examined the prevalence of alcohol use among the students of Mount Kenya University, Kenya. Data was collected from a population of 258 participants from Mount Kenya University who were between 18-26 years of age. The sample of the study comprised of 126 undergraduate students from the said university. This sample was selected using stratified purposeful sampling method. The instrument that was used for screening alcohol use among the students was the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Participants who scored 7 or less in AUDIT were considered to have low risk to AUD, hence they were casual and social drinkers whereas, those who scored 8 and above were diagnosed to exhibit alcohol use disorder. The distribution of participants’ gender scores showed that male participants who had AUD were higher at 10.9% as opposed female participants who had AUD at 5.5%. The frequency of participants who scored 7 or less were higher (215, 83.7%) compared to those who scored 8 or above on AUDIT (42, 16.3%). Therefore, the prevalence of alcohol use disorder among the students of Mount Kenya University was 16.3%. Recommendations were made for stakeholders to arrange for strategic therapeutic activities for different groups of students and especially those that are almost graduating from University.

Sexism (prejudice and discrimination, usually against women) is a social problem in most societies of the world that undermines the rights and potentials of women in societies. It also impinges development. Thus there is a need to explore its causes.This study was therefore designed to investigate the influences of sex, sex role orientation and personality variables on sexism in Nigeria. With the aid of a set of questionnaires comprising Bem’s Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and the Big Five (Personality) Inventory (BFI), data were collected from 780 research participants drawn from among Nigerians resident in South Western Nigeria. Participants’ age range is 15-69 with a mean age of 31.91 years. Using a 4x2x2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis, it was found out that sex and sex role orientation have main and interaction effects on sexism. It was also revealed that sexism is significantly jointly predicted by personality variables. However, the dominant personality trait of an individual was found to determine the type of sexist ideological leanings and behaviors displayed by the person. These findings were discussed in the light of available literature and recommendations were made.

Present study was designed to explore the habits profile of university students. Six habits were selected as effective for the students at university such as, Balance, Time management, Optimism, Team work, Understanding and Organization. A random sample of 148 students was collected from various universities of Islamabad among them 66 were males and 82 were females, their age ranged from 20 to 28 years and their family income level ranged from 25000 to 100000. The findings of the study revealed that the most common habits exhibited by the university students are Balance, Organization and Optimism. University students need to learn how to practice habits of Understanding, Teamwork and Time Management. No gender difference was found in practicing the habit of Balance, Time management and optimism, however male university students score higher on Understanding and Organization as compared to female students. Younger students are more Balance and Organized as compared to the older students, on the other hand older students have the habit of Optimism and understanding as compared to younger ones.

The present study aims to determine the relationships between perceived paternal parenting styles and locus of control. In addition, the moderating role of family income was also tested. Sample consisted of 382 school-going adolescents with an average age of 14.27 years. A multi-stage cluster sampling was used for collecting the data. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared for the participants at their selected schools. Fathers’ parenting style was measured using the inventory of Parental Authority Questionnaire, as well as a scale that assessed the respondents’ locus of control. Results demonstrated that paternal authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles were significantly related to internal locus of control. However, no significant moderating effect was found for family income. The present study emphasizes the need for continued focus on the link between child rearing strategies and child developmental outcomes.

Teacher development has become a key concept in the field of education. Both pre-service and in-service teacher training are extremely crucial in the entire process of the development of a teacher as a professional. In-service training received due attention from the experts and educators in order to strengthen the base of pre-service training or lay a new foundation for those who have no formal training, and to follow up training needs as continuous teacher development. Education has been changing globally in order to meet the urgent demand of the society, economics, and science-technology. There has been a focus all over the world to develop the teachers of the institutions to meet the needs of the students, and institutional effectiveness leading to the national development. King Abdulaziz university (KAU) is one of those pioneering institutions in Saudi Arabia that has been taking the initiatives to equip its staff to raise them to the international standards (if required). Jeddah community college (JCC), being the part of KAU also realised the need of teacher development activities. Many training, pedagogic, and developmental activities took place in the past especially from 2007 till date. The present paper aims at exploring those training activities that were carried out at JCC in order to equip and update the skills of the target teachers. In this connection, many seminars, workshops, training sessions were organised by the JCC, and the teachers attended those programmes within the college, university, and even went abroad for a 2 week-intensive trainer’s training organised at Greenwich Community College, London, UK. The training course was sponsored by the university. It was expected that after such teacher development activities, the teacher preparedness will be enhanced, and the outcomes will be more beneficial for the students. As a matter of results, the present teaching at JCC is modern, novel, innovative, e-learning/online learning based and computer assisted which itself is one of the motivating factors, interesting for the learners, and needed for the ultimate human resource development.

Despite the use of appropriate teaching and learning approaches and the government of investing resources to promote quality education, there is a continuous record of poor academic performance among students in National Examinations in Kenya. There was therefore need for a study to be conducted to establish the factors that affect their performance.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Self Esteem and student academic performance. The study was anchored on The Marsh/Shavelson model self-concept. The study employed Ex-post facto research design. The study targeted students from public secondary schools in Nyeri County. Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula was used to calculate the sample size of the students while Purposive sampling was used to select 25 teacher counselors making a total of 409 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis. The quantitative data from the questionnaire was first be subjected to preliminary processing through validation, coding and tabulation in readiness for analysis with the help of the statistical package for social science (SPSS) to analyze data. Descriptive statistics was presented using frequencies and percentages. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was employed to determine relationship that exists between the independent (Self-esteem) variables and dependent variable (student academic performance). In addition, regression analysis was employed to test the relationships in the study. Qualitative data was transcribed, thematically classified and arranged before they are reported in narrations and quotations according to research objectives. Major findings from the study indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between Self-esteem and student academic performance (r = .800; p = .000) showing a strong correlation between Self-esteem and student academic performance. This study therefore, recommended that there is need for the teachers and education stakeholders in the ministry of education and beyond should give great attention to student self-concept as it affects student academic performance in schools and that schools should promote self-advocacy skills. Strong advocacy skills lead to greater self-confidence. It is also important to for the teachers to understand student background. Schools should design effective feedback mechanism to encourage students to compare present performance against a goal and also against previous performance.

The main objective of the study was to compare the Area Wise Socio-Economic Status and Emotional Fitness of Senior Citizens of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh State of India. The present researcher used simple random sampling method for the selection of 2000 subjects (Senior Citizens) for the present study. 100 Male and 100 Female Senior Citizens were taken together from each five district taken for the present study of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh State of India. Kuppuswamy’s Socio-Economic Standardized scale and Gross & John Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) were used for data collection. The data collected was statistically analyzed by using Percentage and Chi Square was specially used to found the significance difference in between different socio-economic status and Emotional Fitness of Senior Citizens Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh State of India. Further Percentage, Average Percentage, Mean, Combined Mean, Average Mean and Chi Square were calculated. On the basis of above findings and conclusions it can be briefly concluded that senior citizens of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh State of India differed significantly in respect to their socio-economic Status and Emotional Level.