Mechanical Engineering

Damping is the material's ability to dissipate elastic strain energy during cyclic loading. Materials with high damping capacity are significant in the present day scenario for transportation and other industrial applications. The development of materials with high damping capacity is one of the efficient measures to reduce vibrations, thereby noise. Low weight materials like aluminum and magnesium have excellent mechanical properties, but poor in damping.

This paper is a review on Warranty analysis, it basically explain about how warranty cost is important to handle carefully by all element of organization. Warranty cost needs uniformity to analyze throughout its user. Warranty cost analysis is challenging procedure as data become complicated when it consider different real life situations. Warranty claims are also part of effective warranty analysis. Different models explained by researches discussed to understand warranty analysis aspect. It studied different model for warranty analysis.

A numerical investigation of the vortex shedding past a circular cylinder in a two- dimensional channel of varying height is presented in the term of Strouhal number by solving continuity and momentum equations using FLUENT 6.3. The computational grid structure is generated by using Gambit. In this work, the result is carried out with blockage ratio b=0.83, 0.85, 0.88.

Deep-sea mining system technology is complex, expensive and difficult to develop due to high cost and risks of physical models constructions. The development of deep-sea mining simulation test system is the early concept of design innovation and it is an effective tool to accelerate the maturity of the technology to ensure stable and reliable performance. RecurDyn is fully integrated linear and non-linear FEA capability software which allows the creation of detailed realistic models for design studies and product's performance improvement. In this paper a miner track system was modeled based on an optimized design in order to check for its feasibility.

Overheating is the major problem ofhermetic compressor due to extra amount of heat added from the motor windings to the shell. It reduces the mass flow rate of the system which results in reduced compressor volumetric efficiency and extremely high discharge temperature. The refrigerant injection is a technique to improve the system performance. This paper reviews the major research on refrigerant injection techniques in detail. The refrigerant injection technique divided into two categories, first is vapor injection and another is liquid injection. Flash tank and internal heat exchanger are two cycles for refrigerant injection. These two cycles are discussed in detail.

The experiment was conducted at the fields of Agriculture College-University of Baghdad Al- Jadiriyah in 2015 in sandy loam soil to evaluate using locally Ultrasonic device for determining the tillage appearance for different primary tillage equipment. New Holland" tractor was used in this study. Two levels of soil moisture included 18-20% and 14-16% and primary tillage implements included: disc plow , chisel plow and sweep plow were used . Soil surface roughness, number of clods with diameter larger than 10 cm , disturbed soil volume, bulk density, total porosity were measured. Split plot design under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used. The results were showed that the best soil surface roughness was obtained at the second moisture level, and higher porosity 53.89 % at the first moisture level and there were no significant differences for levels moisture in both the number of clods with diameter larger than 10cm , disturbed soil volume and bulk density. Sweep plow superior in obtained less soil surface roughness , less number of clods with diameter large than 10cm 10.00 clod / m2 and higher porosity 53.94 % compared with chisel plow and disc plow. Higher disturbed soil volume obtained at the chisel plow 1193.00 m3 / hr, while no significant differences in bulk density attributed by plows types. Sweep plow with second moisture level was the superior in obtained less soil surface roughness and less number of clods with diameter large than 10cm 9.33 clod / m2, and sweep plow with first moisture level obtained less bulk density 1.17 mg / cm3 , higher porosity 55.33% While higher disturbed soil volume 1202.00 m3 / hr. obtained in chisel plow with first moisture level treatment

Uncertainty of measurement has attracted more researchers in recent past. In this paper ,an attempt is made to review the status of literature in measurement uncertainty. The uncertainty of measurement is related to measurement and calibration process only. A very few literature are available related to uncertainty of measurement. A literature classification scheme is suggested. A number of articles from referred international journals and international conferences are classified based on various methodology (GUM, analytical approach and Monte-Carlo approach etc). The paper shows the country wise awareness in the field of uncertainty. The gap in the research are identified along with the scope of UOM in various application.

A second order process of 164.5 seconds settling time is controlled using a PDF controller (through simulation). The controller is tuned by minimizing the sum of square of error of the control system using MATLAB. Functional constraints are imposed on the maximum percentage overshoot, settling time and stability condition. The result was reforming the process slow response and producing a closed-loop control systems of a maximum percentage overshoot less than 2 % and a settling time less than 0.6. The performance of the tuned-PDF controlled process is compared with that tuned using the ITAE standard forms.

Belt conveyor system is the transportation of material from one location to another location. Belt conveyor has high load carrying capacity (upto 30000 t/h), large length of conveying path (upto 3-4 km), simple design, easy maintenance and high reliability of operation. Belt conveyor system is also used various industries such as the material transport in foundry shop like supply and distribution of moulding sand, moulds and removal of waste, coal and mining industry, sugar industry, agricultural industry, bagasse industry, fuel industry etc. . In this paper the study is carried out on DISA pattern moulding machine to meet the requirement of higher weight castings. From the DISA specification the belt conveyor system is designed by using different standards like CEMA (Conveyor Equipment Manufacture’s Association) standards, some handbooks of belt conveyor system etc. then this parameter are verified by using Belt Comp software. The result got from the Belt Comp software is in close agreement of theoretical results. After the design the manufacturing is done and the installation is done on the manufacturer’s site. The trials are carried out on the belt conveyor system successfully and the problems occurs during the trials are overcome in the analysis by taking proper steps. The present discussion aims to Trial and Analysis on belt conveyor system.

Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a maintenance program which involves newly defined concept for maintaining Plant, Equipment & available facilities. In this present paper concepts of TPM and its Implementation strategies, and Identified problems are categorized under the pillars of TPM as their remedy action. Solutions to these problems are suggested in accordance with TPM guidelines. In accordance with TPM such as lack of cleaning activities around different work stations, no planned maintenance whatsoever, and lack of safety measures for workers and room for improvement in Plant Layout are found. These problems create many related sub-problems and affect the overall productivity of the organization. So, there is a room for Implementation of TPM. The recommendations made on the basis of TPM guidelines will help the organization in increasing its productivity, better product quality, improved efficiency of equipment and machines, besides it also improves worker’s job satisfaction by enhancing their technical skills, reduces work related accidents, & overall a healthy competitive atmosphere will prevail in organization.

Access to energy has been found to affect attainment of sustainable development of a country. Poverty, unemployment, and other developmental problems facing Nigeria have been traced to unavailability of energy for both domestic and industrial purposes. In recent times, government has been active in developing the renewable energy sector to meet the country’s energy need. But this has been hampered by many problems. This paper identify some of these problems, which include absence of policy, legal and regulatory framework, non-existence of framework for Power Purchase Agreements (PPA), weak institutional framework, high initial capital costs, lack of technical or commercial skills and information, public awareness, subsidies for competing fuels , and corruption, and ways of turning the situation around were suggested. The paper however concludes that if the government, private investors, research institutions, various agent of government and the general public can join hands together, these barriers would be overcome and adequate energy provided for the Nigeria citizen.

Deterioration of mechanical components in locomotives is evident over kilometers covered. A Number of factors are responsible for this deterioration; wear out of components (Life of Components) over kilometers covered, Reaction due to dust accumulation & change of material properties due to open air weathering. Hence we design a equipment to measure the steering force of automotives.

Topology is a branch of geometry concerned with the properties remains unchanged when the figure is deformed. The significance of topology is which will help to develop light weight components which are used in manufacturing of two wheeler carts, etc., the result is we get better automobile fuel efficiency. This in turn results to energy conservation and global environmental preservation. In industries several attempts are made to produce lightweight designs. In order to manufacture light weight component our first step is to decrease the weight of the wheel rim. The wheel is designed using CATIA and Imported CATIA 3D Model into Altair Hyper Mesh V13 for doing Pre-processing and ALTAIR Optistruct Software for doing optimization and structural analysis of the wheel rim. The aim of this work is to develop an optimization procedure in order to reduce the weight of rim component. The focus of this project has been the weight reduction of an aluminium wheel by means of a topology analysis.

In the present work, an effort has been made to investigate the effect of welding parameters on bead geometry. Mathematical models were developed by using 2- level half factorial technique to predict the bead geometry within the range of control parameters or operating variables for single wire submerged are welding. The models developed can be employed easily in automatic or robotic welding, in the form of program, for obtaining the desired high quality welds. Current, open circuit voltage, welding speed and nozzle-to-plate distance were taken as welding variables constant. The models were developed from the observed values, with the help of design matrix.  It was found that penetration increases significantly with current, decreases with welding speed and remains unaffected by open circuit voltage & nozzle to plate distance. Reinforcement was found to increase with current and decrease with open circuit voltage, welding speed and there is no effect by nozzle to plate distance. Weld bead width was found to increase with open circuit voltage, decrease with welding speed; but ‘w’ increases with increase in nozzle to plate distance. The adequacies of the models were tested by use of analysis of variance technique and signification of coefficients was tested by student’s-test’. The combined and main effect of different parameters involved has been presented in graphical form.

The wave propagation in an infinite, homogeneous transversely isotropic solid cylinder of elliptic inner and outer cross-section immersed in a fluid is studied using the Fourier expansion collocation method, within the framework of the linearized, three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The equation of motion of solid and fluid are respectively formulated using the constitutive equations of a transversely isotropic cylinder and the constitutive equation of an inviscid fluid. Three displacement potentional functions are introduced to uncouple the equation of motion. The frequency equations of longitudinal and flexural (symmetric and antisymmetric) modes are analyzed numerically for an elliptic cross-sectional transversely isotropic solid cylinder of elliptic inner and outer cross-section immersed in a fluid. To compare the model with the existing literature, the results of a fluid-loaded transversely isotropic cylinder are obtained and they are compared with the results of Berlinear and Solecki (1996). It shows very good degree of agreement. The computed non-dimensional wave numbers are presented in the form of dispersion curves for the material zinc.

The thermal power plants are designed based on required conditions (like quality of steam, pressure and temperature of steam e.t.c.), but actually inlet conditions are not as per the design conditions. In practical situations, when power plants are installed there are lots of constraints. This tends to reduce or increase output power and heat rate of thermal power plants. These constraints are leakages, installation errors etc. So due to these conditions, the designed power and heat rate are never achieved. Due to these variations in the power output from plants, it is always a matter of disputes. So the correction curves for power and heat rate are generated for pressure drop in extraction line 5, as a parameter at different conditions. These curves indicate that if operating conditions are vary, then power output and heat rate also vary. This paper deals with the generation of the correction curves for 120 MW thermal power plant by using computer aided software for pressure drop in extraction line 5.

The main purpose of this study is to analysis the thermomechanical behavior of the dry contact between the brake disc and pads during the braking phase. The thermal-structural analysis is then used coupling to determine the deformation and the Von Mises stress established in the disc, the contact pressure distribution in pads. The results are satisfactory when compared with those of the specialized literature.

Small air conditioning units are usually used for small and medium scale residential buildings. Therefore, more energy efficiency and lower cost are needed along with reliable control for the air conditioning units. An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the performance of a direct expansion air conditioning unit under abnormal surrounding ambient conditions. To facilitate variation of refrigerant flow rate according to the evaporator load, a suitable thermostatic expansion valve and liquid refrigerant reserve was used. The influence of evaporator airflow and its temperature on the air conditioning unit performance and compressor power consumption has been investigated. The performance of air conditioning unit is simulated using the TRANSYS Simulation Program. The model is validated by real operating data from the system. It has been found that a 14.28 % reduction in compressor power consumption is achieved by decreasing the condenser inlet air temperature from 50 to 35 ºC. The cooling capacity of the evaporator was increased by 32.2 % with decreasing the condenser inlet air temperature from 50 to 35 ºC, Also it was increase by 7.56 % with increasing the evaporator entering air volume flow rate from 300 to 600 m3/hr. It can be concluded that the COP increases by 19.84 % with increasing the condenser inlet air temperature from 50 to 35 ºC. The modeled results of the air conditioner’s COP show agreed well with the corresponding measured data, the uncertainty was within ±11.9 %.

The use of nanofluids as the operating fluid in the TPCT (two phase closed thermosyphon) significantly improves the heat transfer. In the present study, the performance enhancement of 6063 AA TPCT container material with cerium IV oxide nanofluid is investigated by RSM using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). According to BBD design, the process parameters are heat input (A), inclination angle of TPCT (B), and the flow rate of pure water in the condenser section (C). This work resulted in identifying the optimized set of input parameters and output response of the 6063 AA TPCT.

Thermal designing of a shell and tube heat exchanger typically includes the determination of heat transfer area ,number of tubes, tube length and tube diameter ,tube layout, number of shell and tube passes ,tube pitch, number of baffles, its type and size, shell and tube side pressure drop. This paper reveals the effects various parameters in the thermal designing of shell and tube heat exchanger.

Thermal designing of plate fin heat exchanger explains the heat transfer coefficient, hydraulic diameter, Colburn factor, friction factor, Reynolds number of plate fin heat exchanger. The present review explains the various correlations used in the thermal designing of plate fin heat exchanger. Colburn factor ,hydraulic diameter and Friction factor are the major parameters in the design correlations.

V-Trough solar simulator (VTSS) was designed and constructed at Measurements lab of Annamalai University and its performance was analyzed on indoor test facility. Integrating the heat pipe with V-Trough absorber plate can improve the system performance. VTSS system uses three different heat pipes such as circular, semicircular and Elliptical of same length 900 mm and diameter of 18 mm, 22 mm, 24 mm respectively. The experiment had been conducted by changing the heat pipes of the collector (VTSS). The output responses such as heat output, thermal resistance and overall efficiency has been analyzed with respect to each heat pipe experimentally by using commercial Design of Expert version DX 9 software by using Box- Behnken design of Response Surface Method (RSM). Contour diagram shows the factors effecting and thermal behaviour of the heat output, thermal resistance and overall efficiency has been shown. From the mathematical results and RSM optimization it is concluded that experimental setup integrated with circular heat pipe gives higher heat output and overall efficiency with less thermal resistance.

In this current time of globalization and privatization, manufacturing firms are greatly relying upon the concept of failure mode effective analysis to fight with challenges of current market trends. This paper help to perceive and overcome the irregularities in plastic product by apply application of “FMEA”. It is focused on preventing problems, enhancing safety, and rising customer satisfaction. Due to implementation of FMEA can get larger benefits, such as improving product quality, reliability, and security, enhancing company's image and competitiveness, satisfying customer requirements, etc.

Surface texturing by fabricating micro dimple on a surface have been proven to be very effective to improve tribological performances of sliding surfaces. Studies and research shown that micro-dimple reduced friction coefficient significantly and increase the service life of artificial hip replacement. This study aim to investigate and to compare the wear factor between four different micro-dimpled dimensions which comprise diameter, depth and pitch. The main objectives are firstly to determine parameter to fabricate micro-dimple surface, secondly to optimise surface micro-dimple pattern and finally to determine surface characterisation. Four samples have been chosen with different dimple parameter. In this experiment, pin-on-plate wear test machine was used. The result shown that wear factor at the pin for pattern 1 (1.53905 x 10-6 mm3/Nm), pattern 2 (1.50764 x 10-6 mm3/Nm) and pattern 3 (1.61234 x 10-6 mm3/Nm) were compatible with result done at the same test rig at Newcastle University, where else result for pattern 4 (3.66440 x 10-6 mm3/Nm) slightly off for varies reasons. On the other hand, there are no significant mass loss at the plates although the surface roughness of the plates have record changes. Conclusion from the experiment is wear factor from less dense micro-dimple is lower than wear factor in denser micro-dimple.

Crack growth characteristics of rubbery materials are an important factor in determining the strength and durability of the materials. The present work studied three stocks composed of Natural Rubber (NR), Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Polybutadiene Rubber (BRcis) filled with carbon black N330. Three percentages of (NR/SBR/BRcis) were studied, namely (40/60/0), (40/50/10) and (40/40/20). The intent was to develop the Standard Italian Perilli Recipe (SPR) for Truck Tires Sidewall manufactured in Al-Dewaniya Tires Factory that have (30NR/70SBR) filled with carbon black N550. The results of constant amplitude loading have verified the applicability of the Paris law to the flexing fatigue behaviour of truck tire sidewall components. The accumulative fatigue damage was studied by the application of Miner’s rule to variable amplitude loading and gave unacceptable safe results at both sequence (L-H) and (H-L). The recipe that has (NR/SBR/BRcis) blending with percentages of (40/50/10) was generally the best in combined properties.

The optimal expansion of rocket nozzle has been occasionally attained due to the variation of altitude as the ambient pressure of these altitudes decreases with increase in altitude. Optimal gas expansion occurs only at a particular altitude when the nozzle’s exit pressure (Pe) is equal to the ambient pressure (Pa) of that altitude. There are special altitude adoptable nozzles such as aerospike nozzles, expansion-deflection nozzles and others designed for optimal gas expansion as the altitude increases. However, these nozzles adds weight to the rocket and are expensive for production. This study has been conducted with an experimental Rocket nozzle designed and developed by NSS (Nair Service Society) College of Engineering Palakkad-Kerala, India using computational fluid dynamics to determine the effect of varying the combustion chamber pressure to balance the nozzle exit pressure to the ambient pressure as the rocket ascends in altitudes. From the results obtained, it was observed that there is a conformance of up to twenty three (23) kilometers using the nozzle understudy for which further variation in combustion chamber pressure developed subsonic flows and shock waves in the divergent section of the nozzle. Further analysis showed that the total mass of propellant consumed was 36% per stage engine less than most conventional method of launching rockets engines to orbits. This method of variation of chamber pressure to balance the nozzle exit pressure with the ambient pressure provides potentials for reduction in energy consumption of a rocket.

The rapidly depleting fossil fuels have simulated the worldwide search for the renewable alternative fuels. Our country is an agriculture based one and the production of sugar cane is more. In the production of sugar from sugar cane, alcohol will be produced as a byproduct. This made alcohol as a perfect replacement because these are derived from indigenous sources and are renewable. But with the low cetane number and high self ignition temperatures, the burning of alcohols in the existing diesel engines is difficult because for the vaporization it absorbs more heat from the engine and makes the engine cool and further more ignition delays. This made the ignition of alcohol in the high temperature combustion chambers. So in our work an insulated diesel engine is developed which retains higher temperatures in the combustion chambers and aids for the combustion. This reduces the ignition delays and leads for the complete combustion and further improves the thermal efficiency and reduces the emissions. The complete experimentation has done on a single cylinder 4-stroke water cooled 3.68 KW Kirloskar diesel engine with alcohol as a fuel. Due to lower viscosity of alcohol the fuel injection pressure is reduced to165 bar for the experimentation. In the experimentation it is observed that maximum heat lost through the piston. So three different piston crowns made up of Nimonic alloy, Copper and Brass are tried on the test engine with an objective to find the best one in terms of performance and emissions with alcohol as fuel and the same is compared with aluminum piston. Among all the pistons the brass piston performed well. Further the efficiency of the engine can be improved by providing turbulence in the combustion chamber. So for the experimentation maximum number of nine grooves is made on the brass piston and is tested. For the comparison the engine is also operated with aluminum piston. Out of all these pistons tested, brass Piston with nine grooves is found to be the best in terms of efficiency and emissions.

In this work , an experimental study to obtain the fatigue endurance limit for two aluminum alloy , 2024 and 5052 , were carried out at stress ratio R=-1 and rotary bending tests . The fatigue tests were performed at RT, 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C in order to establish the S–N curve equations. The fatigue endurance limits for both alloys at different temperature conditions were calculated at 107 cycles from the empirical S-N curve equations. It was found that the fatigue endurance limit decrease with increasing the temperature. Also the reduction percentage in fatigue endurance limit for 5052 Al. alloy was higher than that of 2024 Al. alloy.

The importance of project management has become more and more significant today especially in today's market situation. The current economy and downturn as well as highly competitive market have made our market changed totally. For his reason in this paper about the effect of different factor to project successes has discussed. And the advantage and disadvantage of each factor has shown.

Electric discharge machining (EDM) is a non-traditional machining processes that involved a transient spark discharges through the fluid due to the potential difference between the electrode and the work piece. In this experiment, EDM process on mild steel workpiece was conducted EDM Die Sinking Neu-ar. The electrodes used were copper, brass and graphite. This project is to be conducted using Taguchi method L4 orthogonal array. The parameters to be studied are peak current (12A and 21A), discharge ON time (10µs and 45 µs) and pumping direction (B0 and B1). This research aims to study the factors that influencing the machining of different electrodes in electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. Surface roughness was measured using surface roughness tester (SJ-301). Material removal rate (MRR) and electrode wear ratio were determined based on weighting the workpiece and electrode using digital weight scale. Then, the result of the experiment was analyzed by using EXCEL. The higher material removal rate in the EDM machine, the better is the machining performance while the lower electrodes wear ratio in the EDM machine is the better and accurate performance characteristic. The results show that copper electrode gives higher material removal rate which is 0.411 g/min than brass and graphite. Brass electrode gives better surface finishing which is 15 ?m and graphite electrodes give the better electrode wear rate which is 0.53 among two electrodes. Key words: Electrical Discharge Machining, Surface Roughness, Material Removal Rate, Electrode Wear Ratio.

Using a combine implement for open furrows , seeds planting and fertilization is very important implement to conduct more than one process or operation in one field pass at the same time where the combine equipment open suitable furrow to grow any crop and also considered as special tillage implement. The combine implements save time, cost and potential, and decrease traffics and, labors and improve soil physicals properties and plant yields. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of deferent furrow depths and speeds of machinery unit using a locally assembled combine equipment on planting maize. The tractor which was used in this study is New Holland TD80. Two machinery speeds included 7.44 and 9.53 km?hr which represent main plot and two Furrow depths included 5-15 and 15-25 cm which represent sub plot were used in this study. Field efficiency, Leaf area, 300 seed weight, and maize yield were measured in this experiment. Split plot design under Randomized Complete block design with three replication was used in this stud . Least significant differences (L.S.D) under 0.05 level was used to compare the mean of treatment. The results can be summarized as Fallow; 9.53 km ? hr speed gave lower Field efficiency stood (63.45)% and higher maize yield stood (9.65) t ?h . 5 - 15 cm furrow depth gave higher Field efficiency stood (66.69)% and greater Leaf area stood (0.53) m2 while 15-25 cm furrow depth gave higher maize yield stood (5.53) t ?h. The interaction between the speed and furrow depth, has impacted significantly on all plant properties except 300 seed weight. Using the locally assembling combine implement for planting corn, fertilizing and open furrows is successfully done.

This study focuses on a manufacturing process modification that can be carried out during the process of casting Aluminium-Silicon alloy in order to obtain desired properties and characteristics of a material for a particular usage. The effect of cooling rate was studied using sand and die moulds. Three types of mould were used namely dry sand mould, green sand mould and die mould .The result shows that the rate of cooling is faster in the die mould and the specimen obtained has the highest value of yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and hardness value but a low impact strength. The microstructure reveals that specimen A(dry sand mould) has a coarse microstructure, specimen B(green sand mould)exhibits a fairly wide spread distribution of silicon deposits while specimen C(die mould) exhibits fine and even distribution pf silicon deposits.

Refrigeration is the applied science which deals with reducing the temperature of a confined space and its content to a predetermined level that is below the ambient temperature. The design of a cooling table is presented. The cooling table is an innovative application in refrigeration system design. The table is a multipurpose table for maintaining a low product temperature whilst still being able to carry out other activities on the table like a conventional table. The design covers thecompressor, condenser, evaporator, table frame, table top, cabinet volume and the covers. The prototype design requires a 70W compressor for three participants.

The experiment was conducted for testing a locally assembled combine implement used for open furrow, planting and fertilizing under different machinery unit speeds. New Holland TD80 tractor was used in this study. Three machinery speeds included 6.26, 7.44 and 9.53 km?hr which represent main plot and two Furrow depths included 5-15 and 15-25 cm which represent sub plot were used in this study. Field efficiency, Leaf area, 100 seed weight, percentage of oil in maize and maize yield was measured in this experiment. Split plot design under Randomized Complete block design with three replication was used in this study. Least significant differences (L.S.D) under 0.05 level was used to compare the mean of treatment. The results can be summarized as Fallow: 9.53 km ? hr speed gave lower field efficiency stood 63.45% and higher maize yield stood 9.65 t ?h. 5 - 15 cm furrow depth gave higher field efficiency stood 69.01% and greater leaf area stood 0.57 m2 while 15-25 cm furrow depth gave higher maize yield stood 5.23 t ?h. The interaction between speed and furrow depth, has significant effect on all plant properties except 100 seed weight and percentage of oil in maize.Using the locally assembling combine implement for planting corn, fertilizing and open furrows is successfully done. 

Two step austempering of ductile produces unique microstructure with excellent properties like high strength, toughness, good wear resistance, machinability at low cost. ADI primarily used in high stress machine parts, gears, crankshafts. Attempt is made to study the effect of austempering time and temperature on tensile behavior of ADI. ADI yielded from two step austempering process higher ultimate yield strength with almost no change in ductility. Mode of fracture changes from brittle to ductile with increased austempering time.

Crude oil price directly influence the economic conditions of world. This will impact on the airlines operating of aero engines that lead to turbo machinery to future fuel conservation requirements. The continuing effort to improve performance has created in improving the efficiency of current and future gas turbine engines. The fuel efficiency of an aircraft is dependent upon factors: the drag contributed by the air frame, the drag contributed by the engine and the efficiency of the engine itself. In this paper we discuss the latest advancement in gas turbine engines that improves efficiency of the engine from a unit mass of fuel that is burnt. Turbofan engine coupled with planetary gear increases speed of low pressure compressor by three to four folds of fan takes place inside the core of the engine, which includes the compressor, the combustion chamber, and the turbines that extract mechanical energy from the hot, expanding gases. By increasing the fan diameter & by improving the overall bypass ratios up to 12, the fuel efficiency of engine increases to double digit ~15% which is revolutionary in aero engine development history.

In this paper, we used Taguchi design to find an optimum condition for semi-solid Al-Si aluminum alloy fabricated by cooling slope plate method. In CS method, molten alloy was poured over an inclined cooling plate in order to make the semisolid slurry. The semisolid slurry ?owed and solidi?ed into a mold placed at the bottom end of the slope. In Taguchi’s design, it is well-known that high value of S/N ratio (Signal vs. Noise) is better. Consequently, manufacturing conditions were arranged as table of orthogonal array L9(34), and then pouring temperature and tilt angle of cooling plate factors were determined. From microstructural observations, grain size and shape factor were measured by image analyzer. The results of S/N ratios showed that the pouring temperature has the main effect on grain size and morphology of silicon phase of an Al-23%Si alloy cast by cooling slope plate method, since S/N ratio which is sensibility on surround environment was the highest. The optimum conditions were also identified.

An attempt has been made to prepare mixed metal oxide (MMO) nanoparticles of Zr, Al, Si by sol-gel route from commercially available zircon flour, fly ash and aluminum metal respectively. Isopropoxides of zirconium and silicon from zircon and isopropoxides of alumino silicates from fly ash were prepared in separate experiments by alkoxylation of corresponding fluorides/fluoro acids that were obtained by digesting separately, zircon and fly ash respectively in hydrofluoric acid. Aluminum isopropoxides was prepared by alkolxylation of sodium aluminate that was prepared by dissolving aluminum metal in sodium hydroxide. MMO nanoparticles was obtained by neutralizing the isopropoxides of zircon and fly ash (1:1, v/v) respectively with aluminum isopropoxide. SEM and TEM analysis of the MMO nanoparticles revealed that the average size of primary particle is in the range of 2nm to 4 nm. EDAX of MMO nanoparticles indicated presence of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr) and silicon (Si) and oxygen (O).Compressive strength of poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] reinforced with MMO nanoparticles was found to be superior to that of neat PMMA and PMMA composites reinforced with MMO micron particles.

The Healthcare industry is generally “information rich”, but unfortunately not all the data are mined which is required for discovering hidden patterns & effective decision making. We are evaluating the performance of Simple K-Means algorithm Clustering using the mode of classes to clusters evaluation with the prediction attribute nom. The performance of these techniques is compared, based on accuracy. As per our results accuracy of Simple K-Means Clustering, Sequential Minimal Optimization and Sequential Minimal Optimization via Simple K-Means Clustering are 80.85%, 83.82% and 96.69% respectively. In our studies 10-fold cross validation method was used to measure the unbiased estimate of prediction model. The model uses medical terms such as sex, blood pressure, cholesterol like 13 attributes to predict the likelihood of patient getting a Heart disease. Until now, 13 attributes are used for prediction. Our analysis shows that classification model SVM via Simple K-Means Clustering predicts cardiovascular disease with least error rate and highest accuracy of 96.69%.

Majority of refrigerator works on vapor compression refrigeration system. The system consists of compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. The performance of the system depends on the performance of all components of the system. The main objective of the present study is to study the performance of a domestic refrigerator by placing shell and tube type heat exchanger immediately after the condenser to extract more amount of heat by sub cooling process by using ammonia as an external cooling media.

The hip replacement or hip arthroplasty is an orthopedic surgery in which a damaged or dysfunctional hip joint is surgically replaced with a suitable artificial hip prosthesis. During this surgical procedure, a stem is inserted into the patient’s femur for stability; and the head of the femur is replaced with a ball and socket joint is replaced by an artificial cup. Literature survey reveals that various types of methodologies were used by researchers for the development of the hip prosthesis and while after surgery different complications were arise with the patients like mismatch, aseptic loosening, improper load distribution, and discomfort due to change of morphology of human being. It is present status the availability of specific prosthesis for specific patients are very difficult. Due to the high complexity of customized hip implant results in low production rates. Hence it is understood that there is a requirement of machinablity study for manufacturing of customized hip prosthesis. The one part of study is to concern with the design of different types of hip prosthesis like solid, hollow (with and without internal rib structures) to reduce the effective stiffness and due to the hollowness of prosthesis, stiffness increases which will ultimately results in increase the strain at the proximal femur in comparison to solid femur as well as weight of hip prosthesis is drastically reduced. The machining of hip prosthesis is being carried out by taking the CT scan data of the patient using MIMICS software. The data then analyzed with suitable load in ANSYS after that the CAD model of femoral stem was prepared by using the measured data. The blank size of the prosthesis is first calculated. Then the critical profile machining of top and bottom stem is being carried out using 3-Axis CNC vertical milling machine “Mikron” CNC and the parting operation by using wire cut EDM machine by preparing the necessary programme based on the profile of the prosthesis. However, in this study the machining of hip prosthesis is being carried out through conventional route to stress on economical benefits for low cost manufacturing strategy. 

In this research work, effect of outer jacket insulation on energy equivalent of bomb calorimeter has been analyzed. Energy equivalent shows the sum of the heat capacities of the components in the calorimeter, especially the bomb, the bucket and the water in the bucket. Energy equivalents are determined at regular intervals by experimenting with a sample of a standard material with a known heat of combustion. Emphasis is being placed on minimizing thermal losses between bomb calorimeter and surrounding. For that some Saw dust are introduced in the outer jacket of the present calorimeter which was previously designed only for filling with water (water jacket). For assessing the effect and significance of these selected insulations on energy equivalent of bomb calorimeter, experiments and calculation have been done with same fuel (Benzoic Acid). In other words, we want to prove that when heat transfer between system and surrounding is less, energy equivalent of bomb calorimeter would be lesser. Experiments were carried out on bomb calorimeter with four types of jackets which are filled with water (Thermal conductivity – 0.56), glass wool (Thermal conductivity – 0.04), and saw dust (Thermal conductivity – 0.08). Some modification work on existing bomb calorimeter had to be done so that selected insulations can be installed as desired in the apparatus for experiments.

Heat Exchangers are widely used in many industries, such as chemical, food, air-conditioning system, petrochemical, oil, and thermal power plant. In the air-to-air and air-to-liquid heat exchangers for air-side heat transfer applications, special surfaces are often employed to obtain high rates of heat transfer. One geometry that can be used to enhances heat exchanger performance is a sinusoidally curved wavy passage. Wavy channels are easy to fabricate, and can provide significant heat transfer enhancement in the appropriate Reynolds number regime. This article offers a new method for calculating total heat transfer area in a plate-fin heat exchanger with waviness surfaces. Kays and London presented some experimental data to determine heat transfer area in wavy surfaces, based on the ratio of total heat transfer area / total volume. One of the important weakness of the method presented by Kays and London is calculating total heat transfer area is a chain process and depends on the other thermal properties of the heat exchanger. So, existence of a direct method can be helpful and , of course, a strong tool in optimization process.

Milling operates on the principle of rotary motion. A milling cutter is spun about an axis while a workpiece is advanced through it in such a way that the blades of the cutter are able to shave chips of material with each pass. Milling processes are designed such that the cutter makes many individual cuts on the material in a single run; this may be accomplished by using a cutter with many teeth, spinning the cutter at high speed, or advancing the material through the cutter slowly. Most often it is some combination of the three.

The conventional solar still is modified by thermal energy storage material (Fly ash particles) to absorb the maximum amount of solar energy during shiny hours to increase the evaporation rate. In this work, fly ash is used effectively to store the thermal energy and also support the still to minimize the heat loss through bottom and side wall of the solar still. The fly ash is effectively used in the solar still to maintain the greater temperature difference between the glass inner surface and water by absorbing the excess amount solar energy during shiny hours. So, evaporation rate increases in the solar still. The quantity of the fly ash in the basin will influence the productivity of the still and other parameters like water temperature‚ glass surface temperature and vapour temperature etc. In this work, the experimental work has been conducted for various quantity of water and various depth of fly ash to find the optimum quantity of water and depth of fly ash in the basin. Finally, the performance of the modified solar still is compared with the conventional solar still under the same climate conditions. The productivity of the modified still is improved by 71 %.

In this paper, we model the arc welding process by ANSYS software, the defects of weld joints is discussed. Ultrasonic techniques have been used for this purpose. An integrated comprehensive 3D model has been developed to study the transport phenomena in welding.. This includes the arc plasma, droplet generacoppertion, transfer and impingement onto the weld pool, and weld pool dynamics. Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency sound waves to conduct examinations and make measurements. In this paper, T-shaped junction has been modeled in the software environment. The circuit model of an element is used to simulate carbon steel. UltraSonic attachment method has been studied. The optimization model is derived.

There are many attempts to apply artificial neural networks in mechanical engineering field. In this work an attempt has been made to apply the artificial neural networks in the analysis of automotive tires. The study of tire performance and deformation are challenging owing to the non-linearity associated with geometry as well as composition of material. The tire material is a cord-rubber composite, its properties anisotropic in nature. The present attempt is to analyze the tire using artificial neural network. The tire deformation under various inflation pressures has been modeled by artificial neural network. To train the network, the experimental data has been used. It has been found that the artificial neural network can effectively be used in the analysis of pneumatic tires. The artificial neural network is employed to analyze the displacement of side wall of the tire for various pressures. The pressures are given as the input and the artificial neural network is trained with the displacement of ‘x’ and ‘y’ as the output target. The ultimate purpose of a finite element analysis is to create mathematical behaviour of an actual engineering system. In other words, the analysis must be an accurate mathematical model of a physical prototype. This model comprises all the nodes, element material properties, real constants, boundary conditions, and other features that are used to represent the physical system. In ANSYS terminology, the term model generation usually takes on the narrower nurturing of generating the nodes and elements that represent the spatial volume and connectivity of the actual system. Thus the model generation means the process of defining the geometric configuration of the model nodes and elements.

One of the most important factors for agricultural mechanization is management of repair and maintenance costs. Today, tractor is one of the main sources of power in agriculture. The engine overhaul cost is the most rates of repair and maintenance costs. Suitable and high quality engine oil consumption is a more effective factor on engine life increasing. The Nano-science is a new effective method to improving the quality of engine oil and controlling of costs. This study was carried to evaluate the impact of Nano-diamond as an engine oil additive on increasing the oil quality and wearing reduction in the engine oil components. For this purpose, 10 Massey Ferguson 399 tractors were selected from the common tractors in Iran and were classified in two groups. The Nano-diamond as an oil additive material was added to engine oil in one group and was used pure engine oil (without adding any additive) in other one. Then the oil sampling were carried on all tractors engine oil at 50, 100 and 120 hours service time durations and elemental analysis were completely performed on samples. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results showed a significant difference at 5% level, between the two groups based on the life oil additives as well as the quantity of erosion particles. The results showed that it is effective to increasing of engine lubricant oil quality as well as reducing of erosion particles quantity, when this additive is used whit 1% concentration based on weight in MF 399 engine lubricant oil tractor. Additionally, resulting from hard Nano-diamond structure, some of the large ferrous particles observed that their quantities have been decreased gradually.

Concern of environmental pollution and energy crisis all over the world have caused the research attention on reduction of diesel engine exhaust emissions and saving of energy simultaneously. An experimental study has been carried out for combined effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system and varying inlet air pressure on performance and emission of diesel engine. As we know that the diesel engine are known for their high NOx formation and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is being used widely to reduce and control the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission from diesel engines.

The conventional propellers for marine application are the standard Propulsion System for surface ships & underwater vehicles. These propellers are metallic alloy type like NAB (nickel aluminum bronze), NMnB, and MnAlb etc. Because of their high strength and stiffness, But they create more vibrations & noise, expensive machining process ,poor acoustic damping properties ,low corrosion & fatigue performance. The present proposed study on the composite marine propeller which is contrary to metallic propeller properties & has advantages like high strength to weight ratio, stiffness to weight ratio &has most unique characteristic shape adaptability. The propeller design is to be carried by The standard KCD-series model propeller with 5 blades.it require high end modeling to get a required hydrofoil shape is carried in CATIA .The structural &vibration analysis will be done in ALTAIR OPTISTRUCT FEA to compare the metallic & composite to evaluate the suitability of composite material for marine propeller. Than analysis is carried for different layup materials of composite propeller to get an optimum stresses, deflections and normal modes of frequencies.