Biosciences

This study was designed to investigate the biochemical effects of graded doses of aluminum on some serum lipid profile (SLP) of male wistar albino rats. A total of twenty-four male albino rats of 10-12 weeks of age were used for the study. They were randomly assigned to six groups (Groups A-D) of six rats each. The treatment groups-A to C were administered aluminum as aluminum chloride (AlCl3) : 0.38, 3.8, and 38 mg/kg body weight while group D received 0.2ml normal saline which served as vehicle. Assay of the SLP were carried out using standard biochemical methods after 14 days. The results showed that serum total cholesterol of the treatment group administered 38mg/kg decreased significantly (p<0.05) relative to the control whereas the serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) of the treatment groups administered 3.8mg/kg and 38mg/kg decreased significantly (p<0.05) relative to the control after 14 days of treatment. The treatment group administered 0.38mg/kg showed a decrease in serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein but were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Breath Management is currently a very important topic in the singing community. Taking into consideration the earlier studies, singing requires a higher rate of breath energy than speaking does, as well as the elongation of the breath cycle and breath holding capacity. Breath holding capacity was measured using Sabraze’s breath hold test. Methods: 94 subjects, In group A: 47 subjects and in group B: 47 subjects were recruited in this study by convenient sampling. Measuring tool: Stopwatch. Results: Our results reveal better breath holding capacity amongst Indian classical singers than contemporary singers (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Indian classical singers were found to have better breath holding capacity than contemporary singers

In this work two samples of a (Pandanus amaryalifolious) leaves extracts, were exposed to sound waves length of (528 nm and 741 nm) while the third sample of the leaves was left without exposure to any sound. There was difference of absorption in each sample; these differences were detected using X-Ray Tubes Techniques. The difference of absorption showed the range of germination is not the same in the three samples. As well as the difference in the combination’s bonds of the fundamental molecular vibrations as well.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections worldwide and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality of the patients. It is usually resistant to many antibiotics and therefore diseases caused by MRSA are more difficult and expensive to treat than methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The aim of this present study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in our hospital located in Central Nepal. Clinical specimens received from October 2016 to March 2017 in Bacteriology Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital. The specimens were processed and identified by standard laboratory procedures. The antibiotic susceptibility testing of all included staphylococcal strains was performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. During this study period, a total of 173 isolates of S. aureus were studied and 75 (43.35%) were found to be Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In our study maximum percentage of S. aureus (49.13%) and MRSA isolation (49.33%) were from pus and wound swab. The majority of the samples were obtained from surgery (53.19%) and ICU (19.15%). In the study penicillin, oxacillin resistance was observed to be 100%, 43.35% respectively against the organism. About 50–55% of MRSA were resistant to erythromycin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacillin while less than 30% were resistant to levofloxacillin. However, this present study also indicates the emergence of Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus (VRSA)-9.25%. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA and its spread to community as well, the regular surveillance of hospital-associated infections, isolation of patients who carry MRSA, monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and formulation of a definite antibiotic policy may be helpful.

The apparent and thermodynamic parameters (pKa, pKb, Ka, Kb) are among the most common used physical parameters and their determinations are of interest to a broad range of research. It is apparent that hypersaline hydrochemical environment in concentrated salt lake brines has a profound modifying influence on parameters such as Ka, pKa's and buffer capacities. This study presents chemical parameters (Ka, pKa and buffer capacities) at typical high ionic strength salt lake brines, which were evaluated at 25 oC and have revealed both pKa1 and pKa2 to decrease as ionic strength of the solution increases. The apparent dissociation constant Ka for HF is increasing as the ionic strength increases and thermodynamic Ka = 7.46 x 10-4 found is in good agreement with the values reported in the literature. The phosphate buffer capacity in the target Rift Valley Salt Lake systems is observed to exceed that of pure water by a factor of 36 to 1000.

The aim of the present work was to develop a Itraconazole freeze dried tablet (FDT). Which dissolve instantaneously in the mouth. To enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble Itraconazole was improved by preparing a FDT of Itraconazole using freeze-drying technique. The FDT was prepared by dispersing the drug in an aqueous solution of highly water-soluble carrier materials consisting of gelatin, glycine, and sorbitol. The mixture was poured in to the pockets of blister packs and then was subjected to freezing and lyophilization. The FDT was characterized by DSC, XRD and SEM and was evaluated for saturation solubility and dissolution and compared with physical mixture (PM) and pure drug. The samples were stored in stability chamber to investigate their physical stability for 90 days. Result obtained by DSC and X-ray studied showed that Crystalline state of Itraconazole in FDT transformation to amorphous state during the formation of FDT. SEM result suggests reduction in Itraconazole particle size. The solubility of Itraconazole from the FDT showed seven times greater than pure drug was due to super-saturation generated by amorphous form of the drug. Dissolution studies showed that dissolution rate of FDT of Itraconazole significantly improved compared with the PM and the pure drug. More than 90% of Itraconazole in FDT dissolved within 5 min compared to only 27.38% of Itraconazole pure drug dissolved during 60 min. In stability test, the dissolution release profile of the Itraconazole in FDT was almost unchanged as compared with the freshly prepared FDT.

Mithi River is one of the polluted rivers in Mumbai. It is most vulnerable to pollution from discharge of sewage through municipal outlets as well as improper outlet channels connected through slums and further by industrial effluent discharges containing heavy metals. Isolation and narrowing down of copper resistant bacteria were carried out from samples collected from different locations on the river. It was screened for resistance at different concentrations of Copper, i.e. 50ppm, 100ppm, 500 ppm and 1000ppm. The resistant bacteria revealed that it belonged to the staphylococcus genus. Bioremediation studies were carried for a period of 120 hours in the medium. The decrease in metal was analysed at 24 hours and 120 hours. The approximate removal capacity of copper in the medium was observed to be 32% and 84% respectively.

Cholesterol is a component of cell membrane and a precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids synthesized by the body cells and absorbed with food. Cholesterol has been identified as one of the major factors that affect and sometimes destroy the normal functions of the heart blood vessel. This study determines the cholesterol level of some selected bank workers of Ghana Commercial Bank (GCB) at Accra New Town Municipality between the ages of thirty five – forty five years respectively. Out of the twenty five (25) samples assayed four males were found above the normal cholesterol range of 3.5 - 5.5 mmol/l, and six females were found above the normal cholesterol range. In all 10 were found above the normal range while 15 were found within the normal range (3.5 - 5.5 mmol/l). The result shows that 40% of the women had high level of cholesterol while 60% of the men had a high level of cholesterol. In all 60% of the bank workers had high cholesterol level as compared to the reference range while 40% of the bank workers had their cholesterol levels within the reference range. About 26.66% were found to be females who were obese whilst 40% were also obese males.

Module is an important structure in successfully implementing the complex software system in computer software engineering. Borrowing the module thought in brain functional memory network modeling we put forward the brain memory complex network model from neuron and cortex level. The results of bi-modular network model in brain memory show that it is reasonable to explain the structure and function of the brain memory. We also highlight some of the technical challenges and key questions to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field.

The production of full fat yoghurt from full cream milk enhanced with ginger extract and sodium benzoate with a view to improve its nutritional quality and shelf life was carried out. The pH of the yoghurt samples were determined, as incubation time increased the pH of the samples reduced. The yoghurt with 5000mg/L of sodium benzoate had the lowest pH of 4.2, while yoghurt with ginger extract had the highest pH of 4.8. The organoleptic evaluation was conducted by ten panel members to assess: appearance, sourness, consistency, aroma, taste and general acceptance; yoghurt with ginger was rated the best and the most acceptable. Proximate analysis was carried out to evaluate nutritional composition such as: crude protein, fiber, fat, moisture and ash contents; yoghurt with ginger extract had the highest protein content of 10.44% while the control sample had the lowest (3.59%). Also, the control sample had the highest fat content of 3.71% while yoghurt with ginger extract had the lowest (1.58%). The shelf life of the four yoghurt samples were monitored and the control had the lowest shelf life of three weeks, followed by yoghurt with 2500mg/L of sodium benzoate had shelf life of eight weeks, while the yoghurt with ginger extract and yoghurt with 5000mg/L of sodium benzoate had the highest shelf life of three months. Lactic acid bacteria and non-lactics isolates were isolated from the yoghurt. The isolates were characterized and identified as Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Bacillus subtilis. The total bacteria colony count of each of the samples was monitored for four weeks and the control sample had the microbial load of 2.0 x 104 in the first week after production and increased to >6.0 x 107 in the fourth week. The ginger preserved cheese had the lowest microbial load of 2.0 x 102 in the first week and increased to 5.0 x105 in the fourth week. Therefore, the high cost and side effect of chemical preservatives could be overcome by the application of biological preservatives particularly ginger extract which added to the nutritional value of the yoghurt, it also demonstrated a good preservative property.