Applied Botany

The use of Nyctanthes Cu corrosion behavior was tested in aerated aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl for different pH values. Polarization resistance (R¬¬p) measurements, polarization curves and AC impedance technique were used to obtain experim ental data. Nyctanthes found to exhibit ctionic type in acidic media solution of NaCl and KCl. The impedance spectra and curves at different potentials showed that the corrosion process of metal was characterized by two distinguishable capacitance loops. The charge transfer resistance Rt and polarization resistance, Rp values calculated from the interpretation of Nyquist and Boad plots were in agreement with the results of the other techniques.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of industrial effluents on biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum crop. Water samples were collected from a common outlet of different industries of Kota. The biochemical parameters studied were phenol, protein, starch, total soluble sugar, pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, and total chlorophyll) and antioxidative enzymes like catalase and peroxidase. These parameters were compared between plants grown in industrial waste water and controls. Results showed that industrial waste water irrigated crops significantly affect some biochemical contents. Result showed that total chlorophyll, protein and catalase content is decreased in plants irrigated with waste water in comparison to that with control water crop, Whereas starch , total soluble sugar, carotenoid, phenol and peroxidase contents were increased in plants irrigated with waste water in comparison to that with control water crop. Significant changes are seen in total carbohydrate content of industrial waste water irrigated crop as compared to control. Study showed that industrial waste water irrigation stress induces the changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidative enzymes content in Cicer crop.

Tomato fruit is used commonly as vegetables of different preparations - tomato juice, tomato ketchup, tomato soup. 3 fruits of 96, 40 & 20 gms selected due to showing symptoms of early blight of Alternaria solani as well as symptoms of Aspergillus niger. The area 0.09 Cm2 & 0.01 Cm2 in the first tomato (96gms), 1.38 Cm2 in second (40gms) and 1.47 Cm2 in third (20gms). All the spotted area were cut off and observed on Date 21.12.2020 at 2-3 P.M in the laboratory, Department of Botany, M.M.A.M. Campus, Biratnagar.

9 potted plants of Rosa sp., in which 3 R. indica L. and others hybrid Rosa sp. 10 & 2 years old respectively werye observed the sequence of formation of dried or dead stems and alive stems. New branches and bud formed after cutting on date 6/11/2020 and the observation on date 27/11/2020 i.e. within 21 days. Fusarium oxysporum causing the wilting or dried condition in Rosa sp. was confirmed in the Laboratory of Department of Botany, M.M.A.M. CAMPUS, BIRATNAGAR, T.U, U NEPAL on Date 22/11/2020 at 1-2.15 P.M as characterised by Synder & Hansen (1940, 1941,1945)27,28,29 Synder (1965)30, Dube (1983)3 & Mehrotra (1980)11.

FUSARIUM WILT is a common disease exploded in the Eastern region , central region and western region of forests of Nepal as well as in the Himalayan and Sub Himalayan region of India and other Asian countries . 6-8 % loss is estimated in the previously reported, MISHRA (2016) especially eastern zone of Nepal and adjoining area of Bihar, while PAVITRA et. al (2018) reported molecular investigation of genes expression analysis in to contrasting genotypes of banana during FUSARIUM WILT ( Foc1) infection .

Collection of 13 leaves from Capsicum annuum L. was taken for the observation of symptoms caused by Alternaria solani on date 15/12/2020. Size of leaves noted between 6.88 sq. cm. to 31.96 Sq.cm and Maximum number of spots was 18. The other symptoms shoot out, half lamina absent (in leaf), swelling of green tissue along with yellow spot with white mycelium, giving powdery mass in some leaves were common. Anatomical study was done on Date 25/12/2020 at 2-3 P.M in the laboratory, Department of Botany, M.M.A.M.CAMPUS, BIRATNAGAR

25 Plants of Ocimum sanctum & O.americanum were collected from the pots containing Rosa Sinensis, Aloe vera, Lathyrus odoratus & the xerophytic opuntia plants respectively on Date 4/11/2020 of which 8 plants of Ocimum sp. kept in the pots & 17 plants of studied morphologically having Symptoms - leaf spots (while on yellow or brown or black), leaf notch, Curling of leaves on either nodal region as apex of stem, dwarfism in leaves, dwarfism in the size of the host plants of Ocimum sanctum & o.americanum. The anatomical study confirmed the pathogen on Date 19-11-2020 at 1-2.15 P.M. in the laboratory of Dept. of Botany, M.M.A.M. campus, Beratnagar, T. U, Nepal & disease causing pathogen is Alternania sp. as described by Hughes (1953), Tubaki (1958), subramanium (1962-1965).

Solanaceae and Araceae are the important hosts of Phytophathora. Phytophthora infestans is a common facultative saprophytes as well as facultative parasites, one of the most common species of Phytophthora is P. infestans , causing the disease called late blight of Potato or Potato blight. Cool- temperature between 22-23Oc and excess of water favours the growth of this fungus, In Nepal as well as in India, P. infestans is found in the plain and the hilly area. Erwin (1983,1996), Trout et.al. (1997) Gupta (2000) & Gopalan et.al.(2019) studied well P.infestans, while Sharma et.al.(2019) mentioned inter- relationship of Pohyploids of P.infestans with temperature

Potato is cultivated in plain and hilly area of eastern zone of Nepal and adjoining area of India. It is an important ingredient of vegetables- boiled, fried and spicy used in daily diet. Potato is grown a little in eastern zone against the demand and mostly imported from India. Potato requires a wide range of soil- sandy loams, slit loams, loams and peat. The tuber is rich in starch. The varieties of potato such as Kufri Red, Kufri Sinduri have been developed in Central Potato Research Institute, Simla. The survey of potato cultivation was completed on Date 15/03/2022 at Devanganj, Sunsari district of Province no 1. Some branches of potato were suffering from leaf roll disease by the pathogen Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV). Polero Virus transmitted by green peach aphid Myzus persicae. Severity of the disease was 4-8%. Identification of the potato leaf roll virus was according to Mehrotra (1980)21, Gibbs (1969)9, Gibbs & Harison (1976)12, Gibbs, et al. (1966)10, Nagaich, et al. (1972)22 Lowff & Tournier (1966)19, Smith (1929)32, Smith (1957)33, Widely (1971)36, Pandey (2018)25, Rangaswami (1994)28 & Singh (1968)31.

This paper deliberated to present future stance and strategy for variation of Alternaria brassicicola leaf spot of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.)was evaluated based on morphological, cultural and molecular parameters during Rabi season 2014 and 2015. Six isolates of Alternaria were cultured in vitro using different growth medium and the growth pattern of the fungi was studied. Maximum 86 leaf spots were recorded from different places followed and minimum 17 spots from CSA samples. The size of spots shown variations in different isolates collected from different places. The leaf spots were followed the reducing trend with the increasing number of spots. The maximum 0.5-1.9mm size of spot was noticed in CSA samples and minimum0.2-0.7mm from different places of northern Bihar and Biratnagar sub metropolitan city. The growth of A. brassicicola recorded maximum in host extract media followed by Potato Dextrose Agar while the growth observed minimum in Czapek’s medium. The variations also exhibited in protein profiling by using SDS-PAGE.