Literature

No story is ever told as if it is the only one; the subtext changes as time passes by. It can have a number of meanings, explanations, understandings, and interpretations according to its context and readers. Consequently, appreciation of any literary work may have its own evolution in course of time. The possible plurality of meaning leads into the maze of meaninglessness of meanings. This indeterminacy of meaning requires deconstruction of the text and its structure and reconstruction of it to find an appropriate meaning. The works of very many authors apparently seem to be in the same meaningless level. It is the researcher’s task to find meaning to this meaninglessness of meanings. The works of Bertolt Brecht, the German playwright are not an exception to this task. His complex artistic works require deep study and careful analysis to arrive at new understanding. In short, they require complex seeing. Brecht’s plays grapple with some of the intense situations of life as lived in different societies. Some of his leading concerns are issues derived from religion, war, capitalism, motherhood and rebellion. This article investigates the theme of religion in the selected plays with the tool which Brecht himself has expected from his audience - complex seeing.

English and Arabic belong to two different languages families Germanic and Semitic, therefore difficulty will definitely arise. Since style is the manner or the way that somebody usually writes, so it plays an important role in affecting the meaning of any translated text. Some style features of both languages pose problems in translation from Arabic into English or vice versa. Arab students should know that English style is not identical with Arabic style so we cannot translate in a straightforward way. Style difference in origins causes a difference in meaning and creates wide gaps for translators when translating. This study aims at discussing style, showing the differences between Arabic and English style, introducing different style and suggest suitable correct and. Because style plays an important role in affecting the meaning of any translated text Also the study shows style for university students of AL-Baha University, College of Science and Arts, Department of English Language 2016-2017 during the second semester.

This study aims to analyze and compare errors made by students when using simple tenses in essay writing. The comparison was made after 6 months. The respondents of the study consisted of secondary school students from the Alpha and Beta classes and UiTM Kelantan groups which consisted of first and third diploma students from three different programmes. All respondents were asked to write an essay twice, with 6-month gap based on the same writing stimulus. In total, there were 107 essays written by respondents in each writing session, giving a grand total of 214 essays being analyzed. The results indicated an increase in errors amounting to 4.47% among students in the Alpha group but there is a reduction of 13.76% among the Beta group which was the weaker group. As for UiTM students, Diploma in Banking students showed an increase in the amount of errors by 8.2%. On contrary, Diploma in Business and Diploma in Information Management students showed a decrease in the amount by 23.79% and 3.4 %, respectively. The results of the study also indicated that there were some similarities in the types of errors made by the students.

D.H.Lawrence is considered to be the most original writer of the first half of this century. He belongs to a period which was “a rich period of creative innovation and experiment in English Literature”. The novels of Lawrence have emphasized the meaning of sex and its important role in human behaviour ever since the beginning of literature, man has always been reluctant to talk about sex. Sex has always been a taboo. Lawrence wants men and women to think sex fully, completely, honestly and cleanly. Thus he expects the human race to have a proper respect for sex.

This quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design intended to compare the effect of focus on form versus. focus on forms instruction on grammar achievement among Azari-speaking EFL third-grade high school students at Bostan Abad, East Azerbaijan. Two intact classes were provided by the two different instruction methods, the scores of Forty two students out of them were taken into account. There were twenty four persons in experimental group and twenty one students in control group. To ensure comparability and homogeneity of the participating groups prior to their treatment, participants are given the Nelson test, and to measure the effects of treatment, a grammar test , taken from university entrance exam tests (Konkur) , was administered. The results of Independent-samples t-test indicated that there was a significant difference in scores for experimental group(M=31.47 ,SD=7.55)and control group(M=26.28,SD=8.13 ;t(40)= -2.14 ,p=0.03,two-tailed).The magnitude of the differences in the means(mean difference=-5.19 ,95 CI: -10.08to -0.29)was very large effect(eta squared=0.10).The learners in the focus on form group outperformed the learners in the focus on forms instruction . It is highly recommended that teachers should correct errors in learners’ written or spoken language in ways that help them notice and learn from their errors.

This article aims at analyzing the various hidden, explicit, aboveboard and shady themes of the novel. The article tackles the concepts of individuality, independence and identity crisis in the novel. A constant search for identity, which is prevalent throughout the novel, is reflected at different angles in the article.

Realism depicts subjects related to secular, empirical rules and it begins from the place where truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses. But the inner thought of human mind windows through the vision of fantasy and finds exuberance.

The basic purpose of this study was to compare the two novels The Bride by Bapsi Sidhwa and The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The comparison of both the novels has been done to analyze the attitude of Patriarchal society towards Zaitoon and Hester who are the main characters of the The Bride and The Scarlet Letter respectively. Both the novels are written centuries far apart and in places which are geographically two different parts of the world. However, both the characters face same difficulties and miseries from the patriarchal society. Both refuse to surrender before the oppression and strongly resist against this tyrannical attitude. They prefer to lead the life of their own choice and refuse to follow the set rules and regulations of patriarchal society. The comparative analysis proves that the dominance of patriarchal thought is same in both east and west and women are exploited for one or the other reason by the male dominated societies.. This attitude is not reserved to any particular part of the world or any specific time period. Thus, this fact is established that patriarchy has no geographical and temporal boundaries Nevertheless, Hester and Zaitoon give a very strong message to rest of the women folk that it is through inner courage and determination by which they can defeat the oppressing forces. Both of them become a symbol of struggle against this chauvinistic thought.

The present research attempts to analyze Pakistani English novels namely A Case of Exploding Mangoes (2008), The Scatter Here is too Great (2014), and A Season for Martyrs (2014) as historiographic metafiction. Linda Hutcheon propsed historiographic metafiction as a theory that re-conceptualizes history by combining fact and fiction. Pakistani novelists present social, political and historical issues of the region through this genre of postmodern fiction. The study shows that official history related to partition, military rule and politics is being questioned in the selected texts. Textual analysis is used as a research method.

Speech act theory is a widely disputed field and issues such as what speech acts are and how they are classified seem to be culture specific, and not as universal as some of the studies presented above have described. Evidence on speech act production and recognition from different cultures have demonstrated that more research needs to be done in order to provide a theory that has an integrated approach to speech acts. Thus, besides carefully defining the term used in the research and creating an appropriate taxonomy, social, cultural, and pragmatic influences on the meaning, perception, and production of speech acts need to be considered. This study aims at comparing the strategies used by Native English speakers and Iranian EFL learners for expressing promising in different situations. The participants of this study were 27 among whom 20 were Iranian EFL learners and 7 were native English speakers. The participants were both male and female, aging from 18 to 31 years old. An open-ended data collection technique (DCT) was employed for studying participants' responses and verbal reactions to different situations. Iranian EFL learners’ sensitivity to L1 made them use inappropriate expressions and strategies in their English responses. It suggested that Persian learners of English transfer some of their L1 pragmatic norms to L2 because they perceive these norms to be universal.