Archives-May 2012

Deinking is an important step in recycling of waste paper and flotation is commonly used in this process. Conventional laboratory-scale flotation cell was used to study ink removal from waste printed papers. Different type of surfactants such as, cationic, anionic or non-ionic, were employed in pulping and flotation processes. Two surfactants of each type were used in this comparative study. The effect of concentration and type of surfactant, consistency, pH and temperature on the deinking was investigated. The efficiency of deinking process was determined by measuring of the brightness of hand sheets formed of deinked fibers. The highest brightness was achieved by using 2-octanol alcohol (as a non-ionic surfactant) in pulping and flotation stages. Under optimum conditions for this surfactant, a brightness of 86% is obtained from a feed of 44%.

The first stage of the study consists of defining rock types by relating Geological framework, lithofacies, petrology to porosity, permeability, and Water saturation. Rock types represent reservoir units with a distinct porosity -permeability relationship and a unique water saturation range for a given height above the free water level. We also describe the conventional methodology used to evaluate water saturation from sections of the electric log of a well. The second stage of the work involved the analysis of the cored samples of the well (SANDS D 2, E1-8).Which will lead to the determination of the water saturation of the well. The third stage of the work dealt with the integration of the core analysis result with formation evaluation data to define reservoir water saturation. By using a proposed water saturation model, known as the molco water saturation model. It was observed that the conventional Archie water saturation gave the water saturation for the well section as 74.26% while the model gave it as 41.6%, giving a consolidated difference of 33.20%. This result will contribute to the understanding of tight reservoirs and making an impact on reservoir development.

A series containing twelve substituted styryl 2-pyrrolyl ketones have been synthesized by solvent free fly-ash:H2SO4 solid acid catalysed crossed aldol condensation. These chalcones were characterized by their physical constants and spectral data. The IR and NMR spectral frequencies of ?COs-cis and s-trans, deformation modes of ?CHip, op, CH=CHop and C=Cop(cm-1), ?H and ?C of ?, ? and CO(ppm) and the electrochemical reduction potential and currents of carbonyl and vinyl groups of synthesized chalcones were correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters. From the results of statistical analyses the effects of substituents on the group frequencies and electrochemical functionalities have been discussed. The antimicrobial activities of all chalcones have been studied using Bauer-Kirby method.

Low density polyethylene samples were reinforced with wood fibres from Dracaena arborea, the fibres were either bleached, unbleached, blended, unblended or in the acetylated form. Films formed after reinforcement of the polyethylene with the various forms of the fibres were tested to confirm their mechanical properties like tensile strength and tensile modulus. Moisture regains and water imbibitions were also determined. The reinforced samples were compared with a film formed from pure polyethylene. Mechanical properties of the wood fibre reinforced polyethylene composites were better than that of pure polyethylene. Pure polyethylene has a tensile strength of 20kN/m2 and tensile modulus of 219kN/m2 while the bleached and blended wood fibre reinforced polyethylene had a tensile strength of 42kN/m2 and tensile modulus of 3620kN/m2. Therefore, the reinforced polyethylene is suitable for use as specially tailored light weight structural parts in reinforcement. Whereas pure polyethylene is stable and resistant to environmental decomposition, the wood fibre reinforced polyethylene is renewable due to its ability to absorb moisture and imbibe water. Also, the wood fibre treatment showed improved moisture absorption and water imbibition potentials. This offers the possibility of biodegradation thereby meeting environmental demands.

After independence Tanzania adopted a socialist ideology,‘Ujamaa’.‘Ujamaa’ was a political decision to societal development. It is obvious majority poor were complacent to it. This made many Tanzanians to identify themselves as “wajamaa.” Nevertheless, the economic crisis of 1970s swayed Tanzania to adopt Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) . SAPs are grounded in liberalism. This situation led Tanzania to a dilemma of having liberalism and abandoning socialism since the two ideologies are disputable and can never be applied at the same setting. Apparently, the socialist ideology is identified with Mwalimu J.K. Nyerere, the founder of the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). It is logical that to abandon “Ujamaa” is to illegitimise CCM from the majority Tanzanians. Instead, Tanzania decided to adopt the SAPs in 1980s and remain with Ujamaa on paper for legitimacy. In 1991 Zanzibar Resolution was drawn to entomb core values of “Ujamaa”.It is this particular event which is claimed as marking death of “Ujamaa” in practice. Mwl. Nyerere himself commented in 1993 that “Ujamaa” had been warped. Yet, CCM would argue for existence of “Ujamaa”. The bases for the argument are Article 9(j) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977(URT Constitution) and Article 4(3) and 5(3) of the CCM Constitution 1977(CCM Constitution). This paper argues that Tanzania has currently a “myeloma” in ideology. And thus, it suffers a crisis. Its praxis is absent. Concomitantly, the praxis of liberalism through privatization policies and legislation is repugnant and thus unconstitutional. This leaves the general public confused. Moreover it makes investors lose confidence in business as a result. The paper recommends a wider debate involving all stakeholders be held in guiding the country to one clear direction on ideology.

The effect of administering ethanol extracts of seed, leaf and pulp of C. papaya on male rats and assessing its effects on the female rats was investigated. 0, 100, 200 and 300mg/kg of each extracts were orally administered to the male rats for 30 days after which they were mated with the female rats in the ratio of 1:1 for the first generation. Conception rate, induced lethal mutation index, litter size and weight at birth and weaning were estimated. The remaining male and female rats were mated again for the second and third generations. Results obtained showed that there were significant effects (P < 0.05) of mating treated male rats with the untreated female rats on all the parameters studied. Implicitly though, our results suggest that indiscriminate consumption of herbals by male rats could have devastating effects on the female rats during reproduction. It becomes necessary to carry out in-depth research similar to this works as to make concrete assertion.

Modal is one of the vital regenerated cellulosic fibres used in textile industries. It contains almost all the properties required for the textile applications. In this paper the physical properties, dyeing effects and antimicrobial characteristics of modal, cotton and modal / cotton (50 : 50 blend) fabrics are studied. Modal fabrics in original and in blended (50 : 50) form with cotton show good properties towards k/s value, wash, light and rubbing fastnesses and also for antimicrobial behavior.

Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), commonly known as Mango, is a large evergreen tree indigenous to Asia and found throughout the Indian subcontinent. In the present study, the in vitro antileishmanial activity of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts from M. indica leaf was evaluated against Leishmania donovani (strain AG 83) promastigotes by in vitro promastigote cell toxicity assay by using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Here, all the test extracts markedly inhibited the growth of L. donovani promastigotes in vitro in a dose dependent manner. The methanol extract was found to be the most active followed by the chloroform and petroleum ether extracts respectively. Therefore, from the present study it can be inferred that M. indica leaf extracts exhibited remarkable antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro.

The higher the position of manager in management level, the more his complex decisions frequency and the broader the scope and intensity of positive or negative effects. Management laboratory is a tool for development of managers’ decision making skills in simulated or virtual space which allows provision of rapid, scientific and instructive feedback while allowing making different decisions without worry about its consequences. Use of this method in the well known faculties of management in the world (especially Harvard Commercial School) is expanding. The present research studies functions and patterns of management laboratory. In study of functions, effect of management laboratory shows reinforcement of public section in Johari window through education and feedback and self openness. In Webber Theory, manager’s power source reinforces three legal, reward and punishment and specialized sources of managers and provides tools for realizing meritocracy and manager election in ideal bureaucracy pattern. In patterns section, five patterns of physical simulation, virtual simulation, physical games, computer games and temporary organizational rotation have been studied and case study of three successful global experiences and two Iranians experiences has been done. All of these studies show increasing application of management laboratory in the world and necessity of performing more researches on its requirements and challenges.

Social capital refers to the extent, nature and quality of social ties that individuals or communities can mobilize in conducting their affairs. Social capital is not a new concept but gained prominence in the policy arena in the late 1980s, when it found its way into many policy programmes for social integration and cohesion in North America and Europe. In recent years, social capital has become a key concept in academic theories and research, and influential as a framework for guiding policy-making that seeks to shape everyday practices in relation to building social integration. A range of related reasons have been put forward for this attention. These include a concern with the excesses of current individualism and nostalgia for a lost cohesive past; the desire to reintroduce a normative and social dimension to understandings of how society works; the impulse to control contemporary liberal societies that are increasingly diverse and undergoing rapid social change; and the way that social capital enables governments to leave aside redistributive economic policies in favour of (less expensive) informal, community-based social relations.