Archives-March 2015

The temperature dependent study was investigated by using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Activation parameters such as energy of activation Ea, free energy of activation , entropy of activation and enthalpy of activation were obtained from Eryring’s equation. The effect of substrates on the activation energy were in the order: benzoate ion > H+ > urea > OH- for Tris-(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)Iron(II) Sulphate, Fe(Me4phen)32+ and benzoate ion > H+ > OH- > urea for Tris-(4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)Iron(II) Perchlorate, Fe(Me2phen)32+. Higher values of was observed in Fe(Me4phen)32+ in all substrates. The rate constants of dissociation were obtained from earlier published results of rate constants of binding and binding constants. Dissociation constants generally decreased with increase in the concentration of the surfactant, SDS. Higher rate constant of dissociation was observed in SDS- Fe(Me4phen)32+ than SDS- Fe(Me2phen)32+ in all the substrates.

One of the important tasks of social helpers is empowerment of vulnerable groups. One of these vulnerable groups is female household heads. One of the practices that can help empowering of them is to encourage female household heads to financial independence. Entrepreneurship is something that can lead to financial independence of female household heads. Moreover, entrepreneurship can lead to better mental and social health of this vulnerable group. The first step in empowering female household heads through entrepreneurship is to identify their obstacles and entrepreneurship problems. Because by identification of these barriers it can be done more appropriate measures in order to empower them. So, the aim of the present study is to identify entrepreneurship barriers of female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran. The method of the current study is survey. The statistical population of this research is all female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran that 350 of them were selected randomly. In order to collect data in this research, researcher-built questionnaire was used. In this research, the face validity and content aspect of the questionnaire were confirmed and reliability coefficient was obtained 0.81 using Cronbach’s alpha indicating desirable reliability of research questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed through self-creativity and then data were analyzed using SPSS software. Among problems that women encountered with them, the first ten ones are respectively the loss of fund to begin a job, existence of strictly official rules, gender discrimination and ignoring the ability of women by the society and responsible organizations, ignoring women in management affairs, over-concern about paying back the loans, emphasis on having personal fund instead of borrowing it from others, loss of pawn in order to get a loan, lack of proper support by government and governmental organizations, few facilities to begin a job by sponsor organizations, and unsuitable behavior of some organizations due to promotion of male-dominating in the society that statistically meaningful difference in prioritizing of these barriers was seen (p<0.05). Considering the findings of the current research, the programs in order to support female household heads economically and special facilities for them can provide their entrepreneurship basis. Also, gender discriminations against women especially female household heads can be decreased through acculturating using media and national media. The findings of the current research can be useful for social helpers, sponsor organizations and policymakers in direction of empowering the female household heads.

Radiation protection against short wavelength radiation have beeen studied by using Barium sulfate-Epoxy mixture. The outcome of this research showed a good new information about the ability of barium sulfate-Epoxy mixture to protect the humans and environment against short wavelength rays. There is an easy procedure, low cost and available materials to construct the shielding instead of that high cost shielding. Increasing barium sulfate ratios in barium-epoxy mixture leads to increased gamma ray attenuation with decreasing gamma photon energy. The results of high attenuation of gamma ray is due to the prevent of the ray to transimitted through the mixture. A new procedure for radiation protection are used in the labs and work places, which were used the radioactive materials. Short wavelength radiation causes hazards on health of humans and environment, the measurement of gamma photons transmission through barium-epoxy mixture are investigated. The count of CPS is done by maestro software after applying the mixture on cement block. There were two decay energys of gamma ray emitting at 59.5 keV and 26.3 keV. The scattering of gamma ray was studied at various angles.

In the present day electricity consumption in indoor and outdoor lighting systems has continuously increased. Daylight as a primary source of illumination may be used as a sustainable development concept as the day lit area has very promising energy-saving opportunities. A Day lighting system is comprised of daylight apertures such as windows and skylights and different shading devices to control direct sunlight and glare.For getting the maximum benefit of daylight and to avoid obstructions, proper planning and layout of buildings is necessary. Artificial lighting may have to be provided when the level of illumination falls below the recommended value. Specifically, methods developed by the Indian standards have been used by Architects for years. The result is distributed in qualitative form for different distance from the location of windows. However in day lighting calculation it is very unsure to calculate that, whether a percentage of certain daylight factors are considered to be properly lighted, dark or dull? Traditionally there is a method to define a threshold over which an average daylight factor is considered a member of the bright set and under which it is not. Fuzzy Logic allows one to speak of a certain percentage of daylight factors is both a member of the bright set and the medium set, and possibly even the dark set. This paper addresses the Application of Fuzzy Logic in Interior Daylight Evaluation to control direct sunlight and glare. Besides, the design principles and strategies to obtain a window dimension for a given daylight factor has been discussed. For functional influence of the Building in warm humid climate of Coastal Odessa (Average latitude 210 North), a literature review about day lighting availability has been done. Then, the experimental set up has been described. For sufficient day lighting the calculation of solar radiation and position of windows have been worked out and graphically represented with classic and fuzzy models. Other possible design applications are suggested.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between social capital and delinquency in adolescents.This research has been conducted using a survey. In this research, 400 adolescent boys in Tehran were selected as samples based on the Cochran formula. Data were collected using researcher built- questionnaires. The results showed that with enhancement of social capital, levels of delinquency in adolescent boys decrease. And also by increasing the dimensions of social capital including social participation, social confidence, social support, social solidarity and interrelationships with others the delinquency in adolescent boys decreases and these relationships was statistically significant (p<0.001). The results of multivariable regression also showed that dimensions of social participation, social confidence, social support, and social solidarity were as predictors of delinquency in adolescent boys (p<0.001) and by increasing them the levels of delinquency in adolescent boys decreased.

As an intrinsic property of natural materials, land surface emissivity (LSE) is an important surface parameter and surface emissivity estimation is a significant factor for the land surface temperature estimation from remotely sensed data. Public domain data are available from the newly operational Landsat-8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). Vegetation coverage has a significant influence on the LSE distribution. In this study, emissivity values of bands 10 and 11 have been calculated based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method. The NDVI thresholds values have been determined to separate the bare soil, fully vegetated and mixed areas. Then using a regression relation, the values of emissivity of the bare soil samples and mixed area have been derived. A constant value of emissivity is also used for the fully vegetated area.

Utilization of Smart Systems is considered as a matter of significance in the world current construction industry. The study is to take the issue into analysis in Iran, as a developing country through answering the following questions: What are the main challenges regarding the usage of Smart Materials and Structures in Iranian Contemporary Architecture? And how can we describe a new horizon for the usage of Smart Systems in Iranian Contemporary Architecture? The research is based on the survey method, adopting the case-study and combined strategies along with the descriptive-analytic and comparative-analytic tactics. The study shows that the use of technology and especially New Technologies like Smart Materials and Structure has been sufficed to the buildings appearance aspects and there is no serious effort to improve the buildings qualitative features through the real technological potentials. The serious pragmatic attention to New Technologies capacities in both the theoretical and practical areas or the architectural education and profession is considered as the efficient solution for the discussed problem.

A 6-years-old girl was admitted in the ophthalmology emergency room for right penetrating intraorbital trauma by a voluminous piece of wood. The intraorbital trajectory was analyzed by CT scan and 3D images reconstruction. The wood foreign body has crossed upper and lower eyelids and then has emerged from the right nasal cavity through the medial canthus. The eyeball was intact. Extraction of the fragment associated with an adapted antibiotic treatment led to clinical improvement with complete recovery. This trauma, despite its serious aspect, fortunately did not have functional consequences.

The adverse effects of erosion may be not much noticeable in short term, yet it will be important in long term. Soil loss and erosion is one major factor interfering reduced fertility, reduced products, deposition of materials in waterways, irrigation canals and rivers, a decrease in reservoir capacity of dams and their reduced life, floods, environment pollution and road closures. The current research was carried out using GIS technique and PSIAC model in order to estimate the erosion and sediment of Sardasht watershed located in Kohkiluyeh& BoyerAhmad province with an area of 5940 hectares. PSIAC studies erosion status and sediment production in a business unit based on the strength and weakness of 9 environmental factors including; geology, soil, climate, runoff, topography, land cover, land use, surface erosion and river erosion. Here, layers corresponding to model factors are prepared in GIS environment and, in the end, the amount of sediment is measured using spatial analysis and overlapping layers of information. In order to measure particular erosion, SDR index (ratio of precipitation evolution) was used and 27.88 tons per hectare per year was estimated as erosion amount for the area considered. In the evaluation of soil erosion and sediment production of Sardasht basin, among factors influencing the erosion, land cover and land use with highest ratio (15.24) are first and weather with lowest ratio (4.11) is the last in rank. Qualitative classification of basin based on PSIAC model guide shows that the basin as a whole is located in high erosion class. The approximation of results from the model considered (27.88 tons per hectare per year) with real statistical analysis (30.3 tons per hectare per year) shows that currently, this model is effective for the basin.

The adopted strategy to overcome the housing shortage crisis in Iran is the mass production. The way forward to accelerate the mass production, is adopting the industrial building systems with the increased prefabrication. One of the most optimal new building systems is Lightweight Steel Framing (LSF) Technology. Parand Residential Complex as the first serious project to industrialize the construction processes in Iran is facing the various problems during the processes of manufacture and execution of LSF components. The research is to offer an optimized model for the manufacture and execution processes of LSF Technology in the constructive projects. So, the manufacture and execution processes of LSF Technology in the research case-study were taken into consideration to recognize the existing advantages and disadvantages. Finally, offering four strategies to compensate the deficiencies and three strategies to intensify the strengths, a model to coordinate these two processes presented.