Archives-January 2017

Our present study, we have reported the novel use of the aquous leaf extract of Gnetum ula to produce gold nanoparticles by reduction of AuCl4?ions. The phytochemicals present in the leaf extract served as effective reducing and capping agent. The gold nanoparticles obtained were characterized by UV–visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TEM studies showed the particles to be of various shapes and sizes. High-resolution TEM image confirmed a fcc phase and high crystallinity of the particles. The XRD patterns showed a (1 1 1) preferential orientation of the gold nanoparticles. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements showed the GNPs having a coating of phenolic compounds indicating a possible role of biomolecules responsible for capping and efficient stabilization of the gold nanoparticles. AuNPs of Gnetum ula were having significant anti-arthritic activity.

Cotton fibre is one of the most preferred raw materials in apparel industries due to its natural feel and comfort. Fibre reactive dye is the colourant of choice for dyeing cotton fabrics due to its brilliancy, variety of hue and high wet fastness properties. The major challenge in reactive dyeing of cotton is that require large amount of salt for exhaustion, in addition to that extensive water used for removing unfixed dye. The unfixed dye along with added salt increases effluent load on effluent treatment plants and limits the opportunities for recycling treated effluents and cause environmental pollution. This research paper focuses on the modification of cotton fabrics in such a way that the produced fabrics dyed with reactive dyes without the addition of salt thus reduced the effluent load and make the process more sustainable and greener process.

A DoS attack is a type of attack which the attacker waste the resource of system. In DoS attack of the computer system an individual host will send huge number of useless packets to one machine so it makes the crash of the host. Among the different types of DOS attacks, SYN- Flooding attack is more important In the situation of attacking system is in non- linear mode so it seems the fuzzy logic work better other methods. In this paper we propose new hybrid mechanism of filtering and fuzzy for detection of DOS attack Source IP address and port, packet timeline, Number of packets, Entropy of Packet type, rate of request, Entropy of Source IP, and Entropy of Source Port some of the parameters that effect on attack detection. So in our study we infer fuzzy rules based on the value of these parameters. Performance analysis of the proposed approach is done by measure of the four parameters including Precision, Recall, F-measure, and Accuracy in different state of system. To similarity to real situations three modes: normal, LOW DOS Attack, and High DOS Attack for the system is intended. Two set of data e.g. train data and test data are provided to the analysis of the proposed approach. Results showed that for testing data in the situation of attack occurrences in system attack detection has a high degree of accuracy. Its accuracy is approximately 95%.

The aerobic treatment is considered one of the most efficient methods for treating several types of effluents. This is due to its scope for treating high rate of simply biodegradable matters and wastewater. Several researches have been widely conducted in order to enhance the performance of the aerobic process. The up flow aerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology was considered as the most popular method in which the highest rate of organic materials can be removed. Nonetheless, the long start up interval of UASB reactor requires more understanding of the biological process inside the reactor. A pilot scale study was set up to investigate the principle design parameters of up flow aerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for treating waste water of small communities in the tropical regions of India. A steel pipe with a diameter of 7cm and a height of 65cm was used as the reactor in which a digestion and a three phase separator element have a volume of 2.157*10^3 respectively. During this study, which lasted for 70 days, two distinct phases were carried out according to the ambient temperature. The temperature of the waste water entering the reactor was naturally ranged from 260c to 300c and no heat exchanger was used. The hydraulic retention time including 2,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 & 8 hours with various loading rates of 56 to 197 mg of COD/lit/day were examined. On the basis of the results in optimal hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate BOD5, COD and TSS was removed respectively.

Investigations on the production of xanthan with a locally isolated strain have been emphasized. We can isolate the strain by diluting serially the extract of infected banana petioles. By considering the cost-effective aspects of the xanthan fermentation process, agro industrial substrate sugarcane molasses was exploited. The effect of initial concentration of carbon source for the substrate was studied by varying the glucose concentration in the range of 2% to 6% (glucose equivalent). The time course of cell mass, xanthan production and substrate utilization were recorded in order to facilitate the kinetics of fermentation. The substrate chosen for study, sugarcane molasses resulted the xanthan gum yield of 27.2 g/l at a fermentation period of 96 h with the initial glucose concentration of 4%. The study confirmed that the logistic equation for growth kinetics and Luedeking-Piret model for substrate utilization and product formation model fits well with the experimental data

Mosquitoes are the vectors for the dreadful diseases of mankind. In this study, laboratory experimentation of assessing the mosquito larvicidal potentiality of Moringa oleifera plant extract was carried out. Extracting solvents such as hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were used and the larvicidal activity was assessed against Culex gelidus mosquito larvae under laboratory conditions. The effective larval mortality was found in the methanol extract at concentrations of 500 ?g/mL. The study thus provides evidence on the potential of indigenous plant extracts to serve as mosquito larvicides

Mercury is a hazardous element and hence its removal from the eco system is essential to prevent the associated environmental health risk. There are many techniques available for the removal of Mercury (II) ions from the effluent stream; most of them are costly. By using a low cost and easily available adsorbent - a tamarind bark powder, the removal of Mercury (II) ions was carried out in this project work. The scope of this project work is to study of adsorption of Mercury (II) from effluent by varying the amount of adsorbent, size of adsorbent, concentration of Mercury (II) solution, contact time and nature of tamarind bark powder. The removal of Mercury (II) was studied in the laboratory shaker by batch process. The mercury concentration in the effluent was determined using spectrophotometric method, before and after adsorption. The adsorption of Mercury (II) using the tamarind powder is found to have an efficiency of around 40%. The efficiency increases up to 50 % for the reduced size adsorbent and it improves further up to 60% for the chemically activated wood powder.

In recent years, marine oil pollution resulting from exploitation spills and accidents during oil transportation and use has affected the marine ecosystem safety, and oil polluted sea water remediation becomes a global problem. Peanut shell possesses a good property of adsorption pollutants and it can be easily obtained from the abundant produce of peanut all around the world. This experiment used carbonized peanut shell (CPS) as adsorbent; aiming to purify oil polluted sea water and explore optimal adsorption conditions and effects. Six sets of experiments were done under the initial oil concentration of 1.35 mg/L and CPS dosages of 0, 6.67, 13.33, 20, 26.67, 33.33 g/l, separately. Seventy percent of oil was removed under the ideal dosage of 13.33 g/l, getting the minimum oil concentration of 0.39 mg/l. Another six sets of experiments were also done under the adsorption time of 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 hand the same CPS dosage of 13.33 mg/l. The ideal removals of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (35.5%) and oil (71%) were obtained after 3 hours adsorption, while the highest COD removal gets to 47.5%.

An off-grid hybrid energy system consisting of SPV - diesel generator – converter – battery is considered with zero percent loss of load for different electrical loads at a particular location of Jaipur, Rajasthan. Electrical loads of 1 kW, 2 kW, 3 kW, 5 kW, 8 kW, 10 kW, 20 kW and 50 kW are considered to analyze the system economically, electrically and emission point of view and optimized using HOMER software. LCOE decreases with increase in load up to 5 kW and it is almost constant between 5 kW to 20 kW and increases sharply beyond 20 kW electrical load

Microalgae are considered as raw materials for biodiesel production as a part-substitute for diesel. Eight microalgal strains such as, Tetraselmis sp., Dunaliella sp., Chlorella sp., Synechocystis sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Gloeocapsa sp., Synechococcus sp. and Oscillatoria sp. having lipid accumulation potential were used in the present study. Estimation of Chlorophyll a and carotenoid contents in algal strains grown under red fluorescent light revealed that there was an increase in biomass and oil yield respectively. Dunaliella sp. and Tetraselmis sp. cultured in tubular photobioreactor showed a maximum biomass of 1.38 g/l and higher percentage (72.6 %) of lipid accumulation respectively. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) analysis of algal biodiesel showed the presence of saturated fattyacids peaks. AO10D was found as best algal biodiesel blend among algal biodiesel blends tested for their fuel properties, performance in engine and emission characteristics.