Archives-January 2016

Corrosion from long time ago was one of the biggest problems of gas and oil industry. Corrosion not only cause to high costs of repairs ,but stopping production during repairing and safety matters cause to enormous loss .The importance of covering of underground pipes with plastic material in decade of 1970 continuously has been increased .So that in many cases ,replaced to traditional protector on the base of natural pitch and coal tar .In 1980 more progress was in the field of covering pipes with plastic materials that cause to decisively stabilization of polyethylene and molten connected epoxy as new protector for underground and sea pipe lines .So the aim of continuous extension of plastic materials and covering systems was in direction of making protection tools that are flexible for transferring and resting on extension slope from environment temperature and even preserve their integration in extension range of applied temperature .In this paper we try to study the act of corrosion in external metal pipe lines and even different ways of protection and ways of contrast against mechanical injury and chemical corrosion under soil , by attention to the type of soil.

This study provides a small scale survey of English verbs that can take cognate objects (CO) both in Pakistani and British fictions in English language. Frequencies of the verbs along with cognate object constructions occurring in Pakistani English fiction (PEF) and British English fiction (BEF) have been compared and analyzed using AntConc 3.2.2w (windows) 2008. Several syntactic properties of cognate objects have also been investigated: such as the ability to take modifier, possibility of the cognate objects to be used as pronouns (it – pronominalization) have also been verified in cognate object constructions (COC) in Pakistani as well as in British English varieties. Focus of the study is on the characteristics of English verbs. It has been found that cognate object constructions are used less in PEF as compared to their presence in BEF. Proving the fact that cognate object constructions as the complex sentence structure. As English is not the native language of Pakistan, so the writers usually avoid the usage of cognate object constructions in PEF. The study establishes Pakistani English as an independent variety using its own distinctive linguistic features.

A very well known ancient fruit whose therapeutic qualities have rebounded and echoed throughout the millennia named as Punica granatum (belongs to family Punicaceae) also commonly known as Pomegranate, Anar or Dalim in North India. Plant based formulations have been used since ancient times and playing role as a remedial agent against various human and animal diseases. Therefore, in the systems of Allopathic, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and Unani systems, much energy has been devoted to the treatment of disease and enhancement of physical and mental health. The interest in traditional medicines has increased in various parts of world. Punicalagin is chemically named as 2, 3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4, 6-(S,S)-gallagyl-D-glucose and belongs to a category of hydrolysable tannin. In this research, the main aim is to formulate the vesicular formulation of Punicalagin which was extracted, isolated and purified from peels of Punica granatum. Thus, to protect its hydrolysis, it is formulated into a nanocarrier system known as niosomes which is based on the preparation of niosomes by using a non-ionic surfactant in varying amounts and keeping the amount of cholesterol constant. The niosomal formulations were evaluated on the basis of evaluation parameters and thus optimized. The best optimized niosome formulation was then formulated as 1% w/w hydrogel and evaluated on the basis of parameters like homogeneity, rheological behaviour of hydrogel, spreadibility and gel strength, consistency, skin retention studies as well as in vitro and ex vivo drug release study. Comparative drug permeation study in vitro, ex vivo and skin retention study of niosomal gel as well as conventional gel concluded that amount of drug permeated and retained in skin from niosomal gel was much more as compared to conventional gel. The analysis of release pattern by niosomal and conventional gel was done by applying kinetic models to them and concluded that both formulations followed zero order kinetics.

This article investigates enhancement Solubility is an important physicochemical factor affecting absorption of drug and it’s therapeutic of the dissolution profile of Telmisartan effectiveness. Consequences of poor aqueous solubility would lead to failure in formulation development. Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist which is used in the prevention and treatment of Hypertension. One of the major problems with it is its low solubility in biological fluids, which results into poor bioavailability after oral administration (~42%) and late onset of action poorly soluble drug, Telmisartan. Solid dispersions were prepared using Polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). Telmisartan solid dispersions were prepared in 1:1, ratios of the drug to polymer ratio & it’s applied to different techniques of Solid dispersion (by weight) like using Physical mixing, Kneading method solvent evaporation method & fusion method. The formulations were characterized for solubility parameters; drug content studies drug release studies and drug-polymer interactions by using FTIR spectrum & X-RD. Formulation Containing 1:1 ratio of drug: PEG-6000 (Kneading method) show best release with cumulative release of 45.53% as compared to 98.37% for the pure drug. The interaction studies showed no interaction between the drug and polymer, it was concluded that PEG -6000 as carrier can be very well utilize to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs.

One of the most important wheat breeding strategies under Mediterranean climate is to achieve genotypes that are potentially capable of producing desirable yield while encountering water limitation during their flowering stage. With the aim to investigate such an important issue, we planted 12 bread wheat genotypes in research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, as randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), during 2008-09 cropping year. This section of the study addresses traits such as plant height, day’s number to heading, days number to anthesis, fertile tiller number, spike length, spike weight, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield. Estimating the phenotypic and genotypic coefficient for various traits revealed that the studied genotypes were genetically more variable in terms of traits such as plant height, spike length, grain number per spike and grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight and days to heading than in terms of other traits. Cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into two categories. Mean of square between the categories was significant for all traits except for grain yield, spike length and date of heading. The inheritability of yield components was higher than that of grain yield.

A study on EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION USING MASLOW’S THEORY IN PHOTO FILM INDUSTRY . The descriptive research design and convenience sampling has been used to carry out the study, the population size is 712 and the sample size taken is 135 both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data is collected through structured questionnaire. The purpose of the study is to find about to assess the level of employee satisfaction through the motivation provided by the company. This study helps to know the satisfaction level of employees with the motivational factors used by the company. This project had been undertaken by me to find out the needs and wants of the employees. Under this Study a questionnaire which constituted questions relating to the employees expectation. The gathered data had been critically analyzed relating to employee motivations.

This paper provides the simulation of 3 state inverter with different materials and compare the Leakage Current. Material which has the less Leakage Current is considered as better material for the designing of inverter. In previous time the mosfet is design by the combination of silicon and silicon oxide now we are using gallium arsenide and silicon dioxide as one combination and gallium arsenide and silicon nitride as another combination.

Novel bioactive molecules are designed by using molecular hybridization techniques which is based on the recognition of pharmacophoric sub-unities in the molecular structure of two or more known bioactive derivatives. Adequate fusion of these sub-unities, lead to the design of new hybrid architectures that maintain pre-selected characteristics of the original templates. All the designed molecules were than synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.

This experiment is a continuation of our effort to develop drug delivery carrier of Gum Arabic GA (Acacia Senegal) gum Arabic-g-3,3-dimethyl acrylic acid for a cancer. The effect of graft reaction conditions on the percentage of graft efficiency and percentage of graft yield in the graft copolymerization were investigated. It was observed that grafting parameters such as 3,3-dimethyl acrylic acid, ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), Gum Arabic (GA), temperature and reaction time have remarkable influence on the percentage of graft efficiency and percentage of graft yield of the graft copolymer. Optimum the percentage of graft efficiency and percentage of graft yield were (26%) and (75.5%). Evidence of grafting was confirmed by comparison of FTIR spectra of GA, 3,3-dimethyl acrylic acid and the grafted copolymer as well as scanning electron micrography (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction of the product.

The aim of this paper is to establish the concept of vague congruence relation on a residuated Lattice. We discuss the relationship between vague Filters and vague congruence relations. Further we define the vague congruence relation corresponding to a given vague filter and some of its properties are obtain. Finally, we determine the quotient algebra induced by this relation and discuss some properties.