Archives-February 2017

The linguistic and non-linguistic features of the language which is being used in mathematical communication are unique and demarcate the mathematical register from other registers. Mathematical register is not limited in use to classroom teaching and learning but is utilized in other areas by members belonging to the same speech community in the sense of persons using a particular language or register in a definite context. In this paper, we highlight the core markers of the code used in mathematics as a register. We critique the link between linguistic competence and mathematical performance against competence in mathematical register. This analysis is expected to spur more debate in theoretical, psycholinguistics and mathematical linguistics about the interplay between the brain, mathematics and language.

Endogenous natural progestins are essential for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy but exogenous progestins and their derivatives may induce adverse effect on different organ. The kidney beinga vital and highly active organ is affected by most of the drugs. It’s the main organ responsible for excretion of the metabolic products of hormones. Therefore the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of injectable contraceptive, Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate on the kidney of white albino rat. There was significant increase in the diameter of PCT, DCT, renal corpuscle, glomerulos, and Bowman’s space of experimental rat kidney. Hemorrhage was seen in cortical and medullary region with lymphocytic infiltration in Bowman’s space and necrosis of some renal corpuscles. The study concluded that the more the duration and dose of the DMPA severe the alternation in the histological architecture of kidney. Keywords:DMPA, PCT, DCT, Bowman’s space, hemorrhage. Introduction A contraceptive method is one which helps the women to avoid unwanted pregnancy resulting from coitus and there are many method of contraception but the ideal is one, which is safe effective, acceptable, reliable, and requires less medical supervision.1Several characteristics of injectable contraceptives have led to their widespread use as they provide a highly effective contraception that last for more than 2 month after a single dose of injection and they do not contain estrogen so, they are free from adverse effect of estrogen.2The only injectable contraceptive drugs currently available are Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethisterone enantate.3 Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is an aqueous suspension of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a synthetic analog of 17?-hydroxyprogesterone and variant of the human hormone progesterone.4This is also classified as sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG).5Depo -Provera, a microcrystalline suspension of medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), is a long-acting, highly effective injectable contraceptive and one of the major means of family planning.6 The primary mechanism of action is the inhibition of gonadotropins hormone (FSH and LH) thus inhibition of ovulation.7 It alsoincreases the viscosity of cervical mucus, making the mucus less easily penetrable to sperm.8 The contraceptive mode is a depot injection containing 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate which is administered by intramuscular route at a plasma concentration of about 1ng/ml) given in the gluteal or deltoid muscle within first 5th day of menstruation.9 DMPA has been favored because it creates amenorrhea and reduces cycling in many patients while simultaneously serving as highly effective contraception which protects against the development of uterine fibroids.10 It has been used as a contraceptive agent by more than 68 million women in more than 114 countries worldwide.11 Unlike oral contraceptives, DMPA have been proven to be relatively safe and is free from the adverse effect of estrogen and furthermore, progestogens, unlike estrogens, do not suppress lactation, which is an important consideration for postpartum contraception where infant health is dependent upon breast-feeding.12 Evidence suggests that progestogen-only injectables are more cost-effective than the combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill even after 1 year of use.13 Endogenous natural progestins are essential for the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy but exogenous progestins

This paper titled “ethical evaluation of the impacts of mining in Ebonyi State, Nigeria” was carried out to find the extent to which mining operations in Ebonyi State were consistent with named ethical principles. It was geared toward unearthing the history of mining in Ebonyi State, examining the impacts of mining in Ebonyi State and evaluating the impacts of mining in the light of some ethical principles. Data were collected through oral interviews and use of available data in printed records, reports journals, text books and so on. The following were the findings of this research:In the early 30’s, local miners in Ebonyi State (the villagers) engaged in artisanal quarrying/ mining of lead employing local methods before the coming of expatriate miners in the early 40’s. Mining has impacted positively in various dimensions to the development of the State; the negative impacts are however severe and include habitat modification, deforestation, contamination of air, land pollution, underground and surface water pollution, destruction of roof tops through fly-rocks, soil erosion, crack effect on houses resulting from blasting, noise pollution, socio-political impacts and so on. The impacts were found to be a negation to the ethical principles of justice, human rights and sustainability. The viable means of ameliorating the impacts were found to include: value re-orientation and education of miners to appreciate the above ethical principles; organizing awareness campaigns and sensitization programme for people living in mine areas; diversification of the economy of Ebonyi State through prioritizing agriculture in order to shift emphasis from mining; organizing artisanal miners into groups and co-operative societies for easy training and monitoring; enforcement of mine closure, revegetation and resettlement of fauna.

In this paper we apply a new integral transform '' Kamal transform'' to solve ordinary differential equation with non-constants coefficients without resorting to a new frequency domain.

In this article, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and Kamal transform are introduced for obtaining the approximate analytical solution of the Linear and Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations. The proposed method is an elegant combination of the new integral transform “Kamal Transform” and the homotopy perturbation method.

The formation of ECOWAS was seen as the beginning of a new era in the history of economic cooperation in West Africa. Its overall aim was to promote cooperation and integration, with a view to establishing an economic and monetary union as a means of stimulating economic growth and development in West Africa. Since the emergence of ECOWAS, the organization has been saddled with a lot of challenges and intra-regional crises without much economic integration being achieved. The paper sets to examine why ECOWAS lags behind in its quest to integrating the economies of West African region. Basically, the study is primarily qualitative. The findings reveal that ECOWAS that needs serious reforms in order to maximally benefit from integration mechanisms the way other regions have done. The prospects are great. The paper concludes by affirming that the current economic turmoil afflicting the region may be seen as a temporary setback, and that a new ECOWAS with a new set of leaders will emerge to realize the dreams of the founding fathers of one larger political and economic union.

The mile stone of the scientific technologies and methodologies, shown its well improved evidence based proof and created a striking landmark at global level. The various sectors, including Government and the private sectors involved in introducing new improved technologies cum methodologies day today in competitive manner. Though many sophisticated rapid technologies such as PCR etc., created a land mark in current scientific world, still if seems, the scientists, researchers, those who involved in the initial step of their research rely on the golden traditional techniques and methodologies even today. Innumerous research publications indicating the interests of the scientists and researchers towards the drug discovery especially from the plant sources. The initial step for the drug discovery involves the primary screening of the plant extracts or any other testing agents for their antimicrobial activities pertain to the antibacterial activities. The disc diffusion and the agar well diffusion methods are the traditional choice to perform the antibacterial activity. In this study we have presented an innovative plate technique and certain innovative methods in the screening of antibacterial and synergistic bioactivities of the mangrove plant extracts and antibiotics which is time and energy saving, economic and easy to perform.

Innovation of technology changes the way of information delivery and information behavior. Thus, academic libraries are challenged to adapt to the changes in their working environment and take proactive actions to prove their value through excellent quality service delivery. The emergence of technology makes information available for all people. Academic libraries are no longer in their dominant position as information provider in higher institutions. Academic libraries are challenged by the impact of technology to shift their traditional role as information provider to new role as services provider supporting teaching, learning and research. The shift of role of academic libraries brings a great number of challenges and problems to academic libraries in various ways. This paper investigates the challenges that influence service delivery in library and knowledge management centres: A case Study of Technical University of Mombasa. The specific objectives of the study will be: To identify innovations adopted by the university in enhancing service delivery, To determine the effect of librarians' competence on service delivery and to establish the effect innovation based challenges on service delivery in Technical University of Mombasa.The study employed qualitative and quantitative research designs. The target population of this study comprised of library staff of Technical University of Mombasa. The study census and purposive sampling techniques. The sample size for the study comprised of ten respondents. The main data collection tool was questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23) and presented using tables, graphs and pie charts. The study findings showed that library innovation at Technical University of Mombasa Library included: online library, use of social media, institutional repository, home page and examination bank among others. These library innovations created a feedback platform from the library users on fines, book requests and renewals, ensured faster dissemination of information on any upcoming library events like orientation for new students, 24 hour access to library resources thus enhancing service delivery and improving customer satisfaction. The study concluded that library innovations affected service delivery. Majority of the respondents experienced innovation based challenges namely: poor internet connectivity which causes low response rate during day time due to higher access rate of internet and low usage of electronic resources due to love of social sites, occasional system failures and computer illiteracy among the librarians as well as the students. The effects of innovative based challenges on service delivery were: slow down library operations, lower user confidence in the effectiveness of library innovations, user dissatisfaction and low staff morale. Librarians were competent in using library innovations to enhance service delivery since they had adequate and prerequisite professional training and education as well as relevant work experience. Technical University of Mombasa ensured innovation competence among librarians through in-job training when necessary, spirit of teamwork among others. The study concluded that librarians' competence affected service delivery in Technical University of Mombasa. In order to improve service delivery using the library innovations, the study recommended: Training users and librarians on the use of the current innovations as well as other internet and computer based applications.

The research focuses on the importance of the open and green spaces according to the residential unit and its role in filling the void of the actual need of the population for this type of spaces because of the negligence of the green spaces and lack of the most basic requirements and overtaking them by random construction ,we took the locality of 636 of Amiriyah, as a model for the study and during the field visits and getting maps and using the Arc map program we calculated the green areas and compared it with the approved standards, and the proportionality of the area with the size of the population as well as to identify the person share of those spaces and also studying the reality of the locality , and the size of the changes experienced by the homes because of the circumstances experienced by the country such as overrun the private gardens because of the housing deficit, generating a significant shortfall in those areas hence the importance of research came from by finding alternatives and solutions to the shortfall of those spaces that achieve the best results for the development of the locality as a model can be applied to all residential areas.

With a large population base and untapped market, insurance industry is having big opportunity in India for the domestic as well as foreign investors. Huge untapped population and low market penetration are the two main challenges of the Indian insurance industry. Selling insurance is an important, but challenging work. Marketing of life insurance product is critical and complex for various reasons that include time span, periodicity and potentiality of claims and higher brand switching costs affecting the buying behaviour. In the present scenario, insurance companies are facing problem of transiting from a perceived selling activity to a structured strategic marketing activity. The task of the insurance agent is to convert a suspect into prospect and prospect into LIC customers. The agents have faced various problems in their profession. This paper presents the problems faced by LIC agents while marketing insurance products.