Archives-February 2016

One of the most important and challenging issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to optimally manage the limited energy of nodes without degrading the routing efficiency. In this paper, we propose an Energy-Efficient Adaptive routing mechanism (EE-ARM) for WSNs which saves energy of nodes by removing the much delayed packets without degrading the real-time performance of the used routing protocol. It uses the adaptive transmission power algorithm which is based on the attenuation of the wireless link to improve the energy efficiency. Integrated in PATH, the well known real-time routing protocol based on two-hop neighbourhood information, the results show that the proposed routing mechanism perform good in terms of energy consumption, Deadline miss ratio (DMR) and end-to-end delay.

Theoretical studies were conducted on the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 2-methoxy-6-methyl pyridine (MMP). The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of MMP were recorded in the solid phase. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of MMP in the ground state have been calculated by using the ab initio HF (Hartree-Fock) /6-311+G(d,p) and density functional methods (B3LYP) invoking 6-311+G(d,p)/6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by HF method show best agreement with the experimental values. Comparison of the observed fundamental vibrational frequencies of MMP with calculated results by HF and density functional methods indicates that B3LYP is superior to the scaled Hartree-Fock approach for molecular vibrational problems. The difference between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamentals is very small. A detailed interpretation of the FT-IR and FT- Raman, NMR spectra of MMP was also reported. NBO analysis has been performed in order to elucidate charge transfers or conjugative interaction, the intra-molecule rehybridization and delocalization of electron density within the molecule. UV–vis spectrum of the compound was recorded and the electronic properties, such as HOMO and LUMO energies, were performed by time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. Finally the calculations results were applied to simulated infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound which show good agreement with observed spectra.

The Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of 3, 5-dimethylpiperidine (DMP) was recorded in the region 4000-400cm-1. The Fourier-transform Raman spectrum of DMP was also recorded in the region 3500-50 cm-1. Quantum chemical calculations of energies, geometrical structure and vibrational wavenumbers of DMP were carried out ab initio HF and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-31+G (d,p) basis set. The difference between the observed and scaled wavenumber values of most of the fundamentals is very small. The values of the total dipole moment (µ) and the first-order hyperpolarizability(?) of the investigated compound were computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The calculated results also show that the DMP might have microscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior with non-zero values. The difference between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamentals is very small. A detailed interpretation of the FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR spectra of DMP was also reported. Natural bond orbital analysis has been carried out to explain the charge transfer or delocalization of charge due to the intra-molecular interactions. Energy of the highest occupied molecular (HOMO) orbital and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbital have been predicted. Temperature dependence of various thermodynamic properties like heat capacity, enthalpy, Gibb’s free energy, entropy is increase with increase in temperature.

The indoor air pollution especially in rural communities of Bundelkhand region in central India is suffered from indoor kitchen air-born diseases due to large scale using principal biomass fuels such as wood (W), crop residues (C.R.), cow dung cakes (D.C.) and also fossil fuels of low grade coal. All these fuels are producing as a smoke emission in various forms with hazardous composition contain harmful pollutants which adversely affect on human health. The indoor particulate and gaseous pollutants in mean level range from TSPM; 383.2-468.5 µg/m3 , SOx, 12.7-25.4 µg/m3 NOx; 34.1-44.5 µg/m3 and other certain toxic elements emission as trace amounts associated with health problems depends upon the magnitude and types of biomass combustion from the open chulas in kitchens with close non ventilated environments. A number of health risk related problems are created such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), silica-born tuberculosis(TB), asthma, pneumoconiosis, pharynx and laryns ( forms of neoplasm), eye-disorders, depress cellular and humorial immunities etc; mainly based on survey ,HVS monitoring with some pathological data from the investigated areas. This paper is emphasized and attempt should be needed to adopt integrated approaches in domestic pollution free energy use involving fuel diversity resulted keeping in views relating to up-grading socio-economic and reduce health risk aspects with new techniques adaptation where feasible and highly effective in below poverty limit (BPL) of the rural communities for the maintaining conceptual sustainable development supporting the solution of the energy problems in Bundelkhand region.

Algae and duckweed based wastewater stabilizations ponds for wastewater treatment was carried out at experimental model. The study hoped to contribute towards improved environmental management through improving the quality of effluent being discharged into natural waterways. This was to be achieved through the development and facilitation of the use of Algae and duckweed based wastewater stabilizations ponds to achieve less consumption of electricity. A model of three pond (sedimentation pond , Algae and duckweed pond) in series of experimental work., the three ponds had the same area (1.8 x 0.6 x 0.08) . Waste water quality information was collected in following chemical, physical and bacteriological parameters included: pH, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, Dissolve oxygen . The Algae and duckweed based waste stabilization ponds 80 -90 % successfully for the treatment of wastewater .

No one can imagine an agricultural revolution without pesticides, in addition to fertilisation and mechanisation. The world should have been more crude without food or probably highly diminished in population due to chronic competition for scarce and raw food. There is population boom due to quicker and more dependable access to food and medicare. The economic growth of citizens and nations have depended primarily on agriculture. Part of the aftermath of human civilisation is chemical and pesticide contamination/pollution. The danger lies on the pollution level of these substances in our food chain and the environment. This paper reviews the place of pesticides in crop management, environmental implications and challenges for the future. It proffers acceptance of opinions of major stakeholders: scientists, investors, farmers, government, policy makers, regulators, health professionals, environmental experts/carers, regulators and recommends the use of contaminant level pesticide in contrast to pollutant level pesticide in crop management, pending the discovery of alternatives to synthetic pesticides, including botanic or bio-pesticides, to feed a hungry world.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analysis of physical fitness components and playing ability of Tamil Nadu Badminton Junior Ranking Players. To achieve this, 60 badminton players (40 boys and 20 girls) were selected from various districts of Tamil Nadu and age ranged from 13 to 15 years. Physical fitness components namely speed, agility, strength, flexibility, reaction time, balance, leg power and explosive power. It was measured by conducting 30 mts dash, 10 yards shuttle run, sit-up test, bend and reach test, Nelson hand reaction, stork balance, Sargent jump and standing broad jump. Hicks clear skill test were used to assess the badminton skill of the selected subjects. Pearson Product moment coefficient of correlation with significant level at (p<0.05) was used to examine the correlations between smash skill and speed, agility, strength, flexibility, reaction time, balance, leg power and explosive power. The analysis of data of boys badminton players revealed that clear skill was positively correlated with the strength (r = 0.318), and explosive power (r = 0.388), whereas agility (r = -0.476) was negatively correlated with the clear skill. No significant correlation was observed between speed, flexibility, reaction time, balance, leg power and clear skill of boys badminton players. The results in the case of girls badminton players shows that the clear skill was positively correlated with flexibility (r = 0.541), leg power (r = 0.596), explosive power (r=0.593), and negatively correlated with the speed (r = -0.381), agility (r= -0.669). On the basis of results no significant correlation was observed between strength, reaction time, balance and clear skill of girls badminton players.

In the present study, we report a theoretical study on molecular structure, electronic and thermodynamical properties of 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole tautomers by using density functional theory (DFT) methods employing B3LYP exchange correlation with different basis;6-311,6-311++, and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The Synchronous Transit-Guided Quasi-Newton (STQN) method was used to locate the transition structures. The reactants and products were fully optimized at the DFT level of theory using 6-311++G (d,P) basis set in gas phase and the equilibrium constant and rate of reaction were calculated. Global descriptors such as ionization energy (I), electron affinity (EA), molecular hardness (?), chemical potential (?), electrophilicity (?), and frontier molecular energy gaps (?Eg) were determined and used to identify the differences in the reactivity of reactant and product. The bond lengths of transition state were lie between the reactant and product. From the values of ?, ? and ? suggested that product is more energetically stable and less reactive, that reactant is more electronegative than the product and reactant is a good electrophile and product is a good nucleophile.

Of the 2,900 species of flowering plants in Kotagiri hill of Nilgiri biosphere reserve in Southern India, 126 species from 37 families are endemic, they are listed by plant species.

Spontaneous hematoma of renal lodge is a rare entity, the causes are diverse and are dominated by the tumor causes, vascular abnormalities, but also in connection with coagulopathy or anticoagulant therapy. CT remains the gold standard for the etiologic diagnosis, for against arteriography is discussed if the scan is normal or if there is suspicion of arterial disease. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma (SRH) can be fatal, requiring immediate recognition and intervention. There is no consensus regarding the therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless literature recommends a nephrectomy in case of diagnostic uncertainty , the fear of a tumor lesion passed unnoticed, or in case of hemodynamic instability. We report the case of a SRH in a young 45 years of chronic hemodialysis patient. We update through a review of the literature aspects of the diagnostic and therapeutic care of the SRH.