Archives-August 2013

The English language teaching tradition has been subjected to a tremendous change, especially throughout the twentieth century. Perhaps more than any other discipline, this tradition has been practiced, in various adaptations, in language classrooms all around the world for centuries. While the teaching of Maths or Physics, has, to a greater or lesser extent, remained the same, this is hardly the case with English or language teaching in general. In the Western world back in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, foreign language learning was associated with the learning of Latin and Greek, both supposed to promote their speakers' intellectuality (Cercignani, 1981). At the time, it was of vital importance to focus on grammatical rules, syntactic structures, along with rote memorisation of vocabulary and translation of literary texts. There was no provision for the oral use of the languages under study; after all, both Latin and Greek were not being taught for oral communication but for the sake of their speakers' becoming "scholarly?" or creating an illusion of "erudition." Late in the nineteenth century, the Classical Method came to be known as the Grammar Translation Method, which offered very little beyond an insight into the grammatical rules attending the process of translating from the second to the native language (Malloy, 2005).

Investigation of the sandwich structures under bending has an important role to understanding the composite structures stability. Bending behavior of sandwich structures has a wide range of applications in science, engineering and technology. In this study the effects of core shape, cell wall height, wall thickness and skin thickness on critical bending load of honeycomb sandwich panels have been investigated. The other parameters of sandwich panel supposed constant during all analyses. The finite element simulation has been carried out with using of ABAQUS software and results were compared with experimental results. After that design of experiment based on Taguchi method has been carried out for understanding the effect of investigated parameters on maximizing the critical bending load. Eventually, the effect of parameters has been investigated with using of ANOVA.

Oral drug delivery is the most preferred route for the various drug molecules among all other routes of drug delivery, because ease of administration which leads to better patient compliance. So, oral sustained release drug delivery system becomes a very promising approach for those drugs that are given orally but having the shorter half life and high dosing frequency. Moreover, pharmaceutical invention and research are increasingly focusing on delivery systems which enhance desirable therapeutic objectives while minimizing side effects. Hence Sustained release dosage forms are good option to release a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum side effects. Sustained release is also providing promising way to decrease the side effects of drug by preventing the fluctuation of the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the body which will improves the therapeutic index of drug concentration. These systems requires numerous considerations, like drug suitability for sustained release dosage forms, techniques of fabrication, evaluation and factors affecting bioavailability of parent drug. Sustained release delivery systems offer numerous advantages when compared to conventional dosage form. These includes less dosage per day, reduced side effects, and improved patient compliance and convenience. In this article basic information regarding sustained release drug delivery system including formulation, evaluation and recent advancements are summarized. Matrix tablets are an interesting option when developing an oral sustained release formulation.

The condensation product between 2,6-diacetylpyridinedihydrazone and pyridine-2-aldehyde were prepared and this was reacted with cis-Ru(phen)2Cl2.2H2O and cis-Ru(bipy)2Cl2.2H2O to form two mixed – ligand complexes. The complexes were characterized using elemental analyses, infrared and electronic spectra, mass spectra, 1H NMR, and the molar conductances determined. The elemental analyses data is satisfactory with the formation of the prepared complexes which conformed to the electrocyclisation of the introduced ligand. The mass spectra data is consistent with the molecular structural patterns of the complexes. The conductivity measurement revealed that the complexes were 1:2 electrolytes. Quantum chemical methods are used to calculate the binding and stabilization energies of the two complexes which suggested that binding and stabilization energies of [Ru(phen)2L]2+ are thermodynamically more favourable compared to [Ru(bipy)2L]2+ .

Work ethic of employees in the organization in terms of behavior and social interaction, value judgments, Including individual attitudes and values, as well as to reflect external behavior of these attitudes and values. Article formed from the concept of the work ethic, the structure and measurement of relevant empirical research, cross-cultural comparison study, five aspects, presentation and evaluation of the work ethic Research organization. The article concluded that the work ethic future research trends.

A Coumarin derivative, 4-ethoxy-6-((hydroxymethoxy)methyl)-2H-chromen-2-one, was isolated from the stem bark of Jatropha multifida, and its structure was elucidated from UV, IR, MS and 2D NMR spectra. The compound has 1-oxygenated structure with a lactone moiety.

Rice is an important crop that plays a vital role in diets and economy of farmers in Katsina-Ala in northcentral Nigeria. In this study, Fuzzy set theory, parametric and limitation models were applied to determine the suitability of Katsina-Ala flood plains for rice production. Soils of two pedons were analyzed and the characteristics used as inputs in the model application. The result showed variability of suitability of the land qualities. Climate, soil depth and flood duration were highly suitable (S1= 95). Texture was moderate (S2). Soil pH and available P ratings showed currently not suitable (N1=20) for both pedons. Soil organic carbon was moderately suitable (S2) but most critical in the normalized pairwise comparison matrix. Salinity (EC) and CEC suitability was moderately suitable (S2). Parametric and non-parametric aggregate suitability showed moderate suitability (S2=63.8) for current index with fertility limitations (S2f). The potential index was high suitability (S2) for both pedons. Fuzzy regression between land index and observed rice yield was high (R2 = 0.90). The use of the three models could serve as spatially based decision-making parameters in agricultural land use planning but fuzzy method was recommended based on its relative advantage to other predictors.

Studies on levels of micronutrients and heavy metal concentration in soils provide vital information for best management options at all times. The study investigated levels of concentration of some heavy metals (Lead-Pb, Iron-Fe, Copper-Cu, Zinc-Zn and Manganese-Mn) on soils along Enugu-Abakaliki major express way in southeastern Nigeria in relation to the environmental and agronomic implication. Forty soil samples were collected at 0-40 cm depth from two environments (A and B). Results showed highly significant (P<0.01) mean lead (Pb) (16.37 mgkg-1) on the soils of Environment A than B (9.5 mgkg-1). Mean Pb in Ishieke I soil was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of Boundary point II, Ezzamgbo II, and Ezzamgbo. Except Zn that was statistically similar, other metal mean values varied in concentration. Deficiency symptoms of macro- and micro-nutrients were observed on maize and tomato crops. Lime fertilizer was recommended. Continuous evaluation of soils for heavy metals should be an integral part of land use planning for long-term sustainability of farming systems and environmental stability.

Many deserving students dream of higher education, but only a few are able to arrange the necessary funds to support it. Sometimes students have to struggle for funds so that they can get the taste of higher education and build their futures. Much needed help has come in the form of student loans. The paper covers many issues relating to HE finance from students’ view point. They are the real beneficiaries of education finance schemes promoted by Government of India (GOI) in coordination with banking sector. In current study efforts have been made to analyze whether or not there exists a significant difference between average attitudes of two groups of students’ towards education loan for professional courses. The research results show that attitude towards education loan between two groups though positive but group of passed out students feel under pressure, financially as well as psychologically.

A fluidized bed reactor with a perforated draft tube was employed to obtain hydrodynamic data for different Geldart’s particle group A, B, C & D by using various operating condition. The stability and hydrodynamics properties of a fluidized bed are determined primarily with respect to minimum fluidization velocity, pressure drop, minimum bubbling velocity, fluidization quality with a perforated draft tube by changing the total gas flow rate through the column. The result of calculation showed that, the pressure drop through the column increases with the increase in gas flow rate. At about 1.7 Ums some bed instability was observed which is characterized by fluctuation in pressure drop, with increase in gas flow rate this phenomenon disappeared. The effects of perforated draft tube on fluidization can be evaluated by comparing the experimental results by using the Geldart’s correlation with the correlation derived. Moreover the various correlations are derived by using the multiple regression analysis method (Polynomial method) for fluidized bed with perforated draft tube.