Archives-April 2015

The first closed bilayer phospholipid system called Liposomes, was described in 1964 and soon was proposed as drug delivery system. Liposome was found by Alec Bangham of Babraham Institute in Cambridge, England in 1965. In 1965s, it was well recognized that microscopic lipid vesicles, known as liposomes, could be utilized to encapsulate drugs and dyes for the purpose of systemic administration and drug targeting.Liposomes have been widely investigated since 1970 as drug carriers for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the body. In 1990; drugs with liposome and Amphotericin B were approved by Ireland. In 1995 America F.D.A approved liposor doxodubicin. The liposome a microscopic spherical particle formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment.An artificial microscopic vesicle consisting of an aqueous core enclosed in one or more phospholipid layers, used to convey vaccines, drugs, enzymes, or other substances to target cells or organs. This review discusses the mechanism of liposome formation, structural components of liposome, classification, preparation method, pharmacokinetics,targeting, advantages, disadvantages, limitation, factors affecting the formation, characterization, potential applications of liposomes in drug delivery with examples of formulations approved for clinical use and products in clinical trials.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the rectum and colon. Results from many studies in people and animals of intestinal inflammation suggest that ulcerative colitis results from environmental factors triggering a loss of tolerance for normal intestinal flora in genetically susceptible individuals. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory chronic disease primarily affecting the colonic mucosa; the extent and severity of colon involvement are variable. In its most limited form it may be restricted to the distal rectum, while in its most extended form the entire colon is involved. UC belongs to the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which is a general term for a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of unknown etiology involving the gastrointestinal tract. UC is usually associated with recurrent attacks with complete remission of symptoms in the interim.. The leading initial symptom of UC is diarrhea with blood and mucus, sometimes with pain. Fever and weight loss are less frequent. Extra intestinal symptoms can be an initial manifestation or can occur later in the course of the disease. Eighty percent of the patients have only proctitis or proctosigmoiditis, and only 20% have extensive colitis. However, in about 50% of patients with initial proctosigmoiditis, proximal extension occurs later, and in some patients the opposite takes place. Depending of the stage of the disease, endoscopy reveals reddening of the mucosa, increased vulnerability, mucosal bleeding, irregular ulcers, pseudopolyps, granularity, and loss of vascular architecture. Several drugs interacting with various points along the immune and inflammatory cascades are currently available for the treatment of UC. Corticosteroids, aminosalicylates, immunomodulators are the mainstay of medical treatment.

Mobile ad hoc networks will appear in environments where the nodes of the networks are absent and have little or no physical protection against tampering. The wireless nodes of MANET are thus susceptible to compromise and are particularly vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks launched by malicious nodes or intruders. Flooding attack is one such type of DoS attack, in which a compromised node floods the entire network by sending a large number of fake RREQs to nonexistent nodes in the network, thus resulting in network congestion. In this paper, the security of MANET AODV routing protocol is investigated by identifying the impact of flooding attack on it. A simulation study of the effects of flooding attack on the performance of the AODV routing protocol is presented using random waypoint mobility model . The simulation environment is implemented by using the NS-2 network simulator. It is observed that due to the presence of such malicious nodes, average percentage of packet loss in the network, average routing overhead and average bandwidth requirement? all increases, thus degrading the performance of MANET significantly.

We have studied the relationship between suicide in Slovakia and various Solar, Interplanetary and Geomagnetic Activity parameters, such as Sunspot Numbers (SSN), Solar Flare Index (SFI), Sudden Storm Commencements (SSC), and planetary Ap, Kp and Dst Indices observed during the period of 1986 to 2010. The data shows that the number of deaths due to suicide of males and females is well correlated with the yearly mean of Sunspot Numbers (SSN), Solar Flare Index (SFI), Sudden Storm Commencements (SSC), and planetary Ap, Kp and Dst Indices. We have calculated a large positive correlation, with correlation coefficients of 0.72, 0.64, and 0.62, between the yearly total number of male deaths due to suicide and the Planetary Kp, Ap, and Dst (magnitude) Indices. In addition, we have found a large negative correlation, with correlation coefficients -0.77, -0.68, and -0.60, between the yearly total number of female deaths due to suicide and the Planetary Kp, Ap, and Dst (magnitude) Indices. A large positive correlation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.60, and a good medium positive correlation, with correlation coefficient 0.57, has been found between the yearly total number of male deaths due to suicide and the yearly mean of the SSN and SFI. A good medium negative correlation, with correlation coefficients -0.49 and -0.40, has been found between the yearly total number of female deaths due to suicide and the SSN, SFI. From the statistical analysis of sudden storm commencements (SSC), and death due to suicide, we have obtained a positive correlation, with correlation coefficient of 0.51, between the yearly total number of male deaths due to suicide and Sudden Storm Commencements (SSC), as well as a negative correlation, with a correlation coefficient of -0.38, between the yearly total number of female deaths due to suicide and Sudden Storm Commencements (SSC).

Nowadays security has always been an important issue in the business world to ensure the integrity of content and transactions, to maintain confidentiality and privacy, and to make sure information is disseminated appropriately. But while dealing with contents encoded in XML, the hierarchical tree structured data have different confidentiality and integrity for different portions of the same content. Thus need dissemination approach specifically tailored to XML that addresses the issues of efficiency and scalability must however be provided by assuring at the same time security of contents and privacy of the parties acquiring and disseminating contents. The main objective is to provide solution to above problem using structural properties of tree based data model (such as XML document) and Document Object Model (DOM). This approach is based on notion of Encrypted Post Order Numbers (EPON) which is based on tree traversals and is defined using a random notation of such traversal number. It facilitates efficient dissemination of selected portion of content. By using structure based routing (SBR) scheme that prevents information leakage and assures that delivered content to user according to access control policies. The structure based routing framework facilitates the dissemination of contents with varying degrees of confidentiality and integrity in a network.

This study is based on the primary data with of 300 sample respondents from SHG women’s operating at Khammam district, Telangana, From time immemorial mans endeavour has been for the upliftment can enrichment of society in recent times the single most important contributing to this advancement has been industrialization by bringing about social and economic development of the society. Industrialization can be achieved both by collective and individual efforts which are two different forms of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. The objective this study is to make a comprehensive note on Group entrepreneurship among SHG Women in Khammam District and an attempt also made the problems and opportunities to Group entrepreneurship in today’s knowledge based economy.

The primary aim of the present work is to prepare a generalized exponential type estimators for estimation of the population mean under simple random sampling and qualitative auxiliary information. The expressions for MSE have been obtained. A comparison between proposed estimators with some existing estimators is done theoretically as well as numerically.

Energy input for technological, industrial, social and economical development of a nation. Gasification means the transformation of solid fuels into combustible gases in presence of an oxygen carrier (air, O2, H2O, CO2) at high temperatures. The gasification process occurs at temperatures between 600-1000 °C and decomposes the complex hydrocarbons of wood. The gasification process, with high temperature, produces ash and char, tars, methane, charcoal and other hydrocarbons. Well-designed updraft gasifier is simplest type of gasifier. A biomass up draft gasifier was specially developed to meet the heat requirements of Indian kitchens as well as industrial applications. The physical properties and proximate analysis of maize cob and biomass briquettes was determined. The combustion zone temperature is vary in between 955 to 974.00 and 731 to 820,40 °C at four fuel consumption rate i.e. 4,6,8 and 10 kg/h using maize cob and biomass briquettes as a fuel in the system respectively. The up draft biomass gasifier efficiency is vary in between 68.06 to 75.63 per cent and 65.38 to 72.65 per cent at four fuel, consumption rate i.e. 4,6,8 and 10 kg/h using maize cob and biomass briquettes as a fuel in the system respectively.

The study was conducted in Denu, Keta and Sogakope towns all in the lower Volta Region of Ghana to elicit information on the socio-economic status and constrains of fisherwomen involved in the Volta Clam, fishery. Majority of the respondents aged between 30 to 35 years. 26% had Junior School and 2% have had Tertiary education. Majority of the women in the clam business do not have access to credit facilities. Fisherwomen had difficulty in harvesting and processing because they use crude methods. Extension services should target women to help equip them with new knowledge and technologies in Clam trade.

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of Belinostat in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The separation was affected on a Altima ODS C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm,5µ) using a mobile phase mixture of buffer and acetonitrile in a ratio of 40:60 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The detection was made at wave length of 210 nm. Calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 25 – 150 µg/mL of Belinostat. The proposed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method was accurate, precise, specific , rapid and found to be suitable for the quantitative analysis of the drug and dosage forms. Forced degradation studies have been carried out under different conditions.