Archives-April 2013

Tongue is one of the most important organs in the oral cavity which has significant roles in different functions such as speaking, mastication, swallowing, breathing, etc. The tongue may be influenced by internal diseases sooner than other organs and also may be involved in some abnormalities such as developmental, genetical and environmental. This study has been performed to determine the frequency of seven tongue abnormal conditions in patients attended in the Screening Clinic of oral medicine department of dental school in Shiraz, Fars providence, Iran. A total of 112 adults that aged between 15-58 years old were clinically examined punctilious observation using dental mirror and proper light. The prevalence of tongue anomalies were evaluated and analyzed according to form, age, sex and systemic condition using chi-square method. Tongue lesions were seen in 19patients (16.9 %) and the most prevalent lesion was geographic tongue(5.4%) followed by fissured tongue(2.6%), combination of both(2.6%), atrophy of tongue papilla(1.7%), coated and hairy tongue (2.6%), oral lichen planus (0.89%) and finally macroglossia(0.89%). Respectively a correlation was found between the occurrence of fissured and geographic tongue. A correlation was found between hairy tongue and smoking. Familial history was also seen in some patients. Emotional stresses relate to lichen planus and geographic tongue. Tongue anomalies and abnormal conditions were more prevalent and occasionally may be related to systemic problems so complete oral and specially tongue examination is necessary.

In this work Laser Raman spectroscopy was used for spectroscopic characterization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) blood samples. Eight samples collected from leukemia patient's type (CLL) were investigated using laser Raman spectrometer. The patients were diagnosed by histopathologies in Radiation and Isotopes Center Khartoum (RICK) and Alamal Hospital. The analysis of the Raman spectra was done for the peaks of proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Significant differences in the spectra of CLL samples, compared with normal blood spectrum, were noticed. The results showed that Laser Raman spectroscopy can be used to diagnose efficiently the CLL via the spectral changes in the intensities of the spectral peaks and the changes in their Raman shifts.

This study was aimed at assessing the concentrations of heavy metals and other elements in surface dust at Agbogbloshie, where crude methods are used for e-waste processing. Dust samples were collected from fourteen locations within Agbogbloshie including the dismantling site and burning site of the scrap market. The X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) was used to evaluate the concentrations of the heavy metals and other elements in the samples. Heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and Pb gave concentrations in the range of (422.54 – 181752.94mg/kg), (101.83 – 9144.50mg/kg) and (117.03 – 14448.46mg/kg). All these concentrations and that of most elements exceeded the New Dutch List Action Values (for which intervention is required) over thousand times. The road surface, dismantling site, burning site and the Domod office recorded very high concentrations of heavy metals. The Ayalolo cluster of schools also gave alarming concentrations of heavy metals. Assessment of human heath risk of these heavy metals indicated that, exposure to dust through dermal contact posed the highest health risk to children under 6 years. Hg was the only element which indicated a higher risk through the inhalation of vapour. The hazard indices (HI) computed indicated that the values from all the sites were above the safe level of one. The dismantling site gave the highest HI value of 882.57 for Pb from all the sites. Further research work on health risk assessment should be conducted for those directly involved in the recycling activities.

This article contains, in the first chapter, a general presentation of an installation for neutralization of aggressive waters, which may resulted in some electrical thermo-centrals, as those from Deva-Mintia, Paroseni (Romania) etc., in removal of sulphur and by washing anion and cation filters, necessary for de-pollution. Before waters evacuation, the pH must be kept in the limits of neutral values. The automation command is redundant and needs a PC computer and a microcontroller, of Twido type, for example, produced by Schneider Company. We choose here to present what is inside the PC, where was installed a LabVIEW programming environment and where was created a simulation program, which works independently of process and of data acquisition modules and which was called Mintia.sim.vi. This simulates communications with inputs and outputs, through the NI ELVIS - Instrumentation, Data Acquisition and Prototyping for Labs modules. The second chapter presents the interfaces between PC and process: data acquisition modules and multiplexer module, connected in the PC USB port, which were either simulated or included in NI ELVIS. The third chapter contains the program short description, with its panel, offering controls and indicators, among whom being so called „tanks”, which symbolize neutralization and consumption tanks (HCL and NaOH), which indicate, synchronously with physic reality, the reminded tanks filling or depletion. The start and stop controls command the equipment power supply and some virtual LED-s and messages inform permanently the operator about the filling-neutralization-depleting process running. Consequently, the panel is both an operative and a synoptic one.

This paper described the emerging issues in land administration an attempt by the Bauchi State Government to resettle the displaced people as a result of communal clashes within and outside Bauchi State. The sample of the study was the migrant household at Kafin Mu’azu village where a simple random sampling technique was adopted in administering the questionnaires to the respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data obtained. Most information was obtained from allotees, all the beneficiaries of compensation. Informal interviews were also held with government officials and the result shows that both land allocation and compensation exercises were improperly done, in that the authorities involved in the exercises, especially the land allocation exercise were mixed with non-specialists, contrary to the provision of the land use of Act of 1978, the traditional rulers were involved in the allocation of plots/farm lands. It is therefore recommended that future land allocation and compensation should always be put under intensive observation as membership of both exercises has been a matter of self enrichment.

Surface finish is very important criteria in Industry for quality of the product. For obtaining the desired surface finish, process parameters of machining process turning, have to be optimized. Up to now industries are dependent on Handbook data, for determining the parameters, but using Taguchi method & Response surface method, optimized data can be obtained by preparing the model, and validation of that model is done by the experiments. In the present paper, review of such effort is taken into account. This is a short review of researchers work for optimizing the process parameters using speed, feed, depth of cut, nose radius, various coating on tool, and tool geometry as input parameters and output parameter as surface roughness, tool wear, Material removal rate etc.

One of the most challenging problems encountered by a fluidized-bed designer is assessing how changes in bed geometry and operating conditions affect the gasifier performance while scaling up to demonstration / commercial size. Typically, commercial gasifier designs are based on operating experience from small pilot plants. A cold model of a gasifier represents an inexpensive and convenient platform for conducting detailed hydrodynamic studies that would otherwise be impossible in the hostile high pressure and temperature environment of fluidized bed gasifier. A perspex three dimensional semicircular cold model test rig of ID 940mm which is hydro dynamically scale down model of a demonstration plant of 168 TPD pressurized fluidized bed gasification (PFBG) plant is established and hydro dynamic parameters viz Froude no., bubble rise velocity, and bubble diameter are presented which are used for further scale up. Besides performance of the gasification process involves knowledge of dynamics of two phases viz. solid (coal) and gaseous for scale-up of the gasifier. The measurement of mean residence time (MRT) and degree of axial mixing of solid phase is required for evaluation of PFBG .The paper presents the residence time distribution (RTD) studies carried out in a pilot scale hot model of PFBG of 200 mm dia and verified in a hydro dynamically similar cold model .The coal particles labeled by radio tracer Lanthanum -140 was used to measure RTD by collimated scintillating detectors located at ash extraction points at the bottom and gas outlet at the top of the gasifier .The measured RTD data of coal / ash particles were treated and normalized for arriving at the mean residence time (MRT). The treated RTD data were simulated using gamma distribution model and found that model predicated MRTs of cold and hot model tests were in good agreement. The paper suggest the parameters which assist to minimize the bypassing of the coal particles in the gasifier thus improving the carbon conversion efficiency and hence enable scale-up of the PFBG.

In recent years, the food industries experts have drawn their attention toward using high frequency ultrasound waves in producing processes. The main part of these equipments is the ultrasonic probe which called sonotrode. The performance of ultrasonic equipments depends on properly design of sonotrode shape. In this study, four methods were used to design the ultrasonic probes for use in food and chemical industries. Two types of probes, namely, step type and cylindrical type were considered and the related calculations for the both types of probes were performed based on the four design methods. For both of the cylindrical and step type probes, the length of the designed probe was equal to half of the ultrasonic wavelength. Modal analysis of the models were determined by the numerical simulation using finite element method (FEM) design procedures. The results showed that although the probe material does not affect vibration amplitude, it can affect stress distribution along the probe. In the cylindrical type probe, the maximum stress raised in the middle part of probe, whilst in the step type probe, regardless of design probe, the maximum stress was occurred in the surface variation location. Based on the results, to design a probe, it should be noted that the maximum created stress in the probe must not exceed the yield stress of the selected material.

The study of translation has increasingly drawn the attention of more scholars in the last few decades. The translation process has been reduced to different forms of analysis at one time or the other (see Catford, 1965; Uwajeh, 1994, 2001, 2007, etc) in an attempt to explain the hierarchical relationship at which translation equivalence may be achievable. Recently, however, more studies have shown that the existing four ranks/levels are not enough to successfully show the process that is involved in translation practice generally. This paper seeks to show one of these inadequacies as evident in the translation of euphemistic expressions in ?do. An additional level is, herein, proposed to be added to the existing four levels to give a five-level translation model. This paper is therefore, an improvement on the existing model and it is hoped that it will help in making the process of translation better understood in modern Linguistics.

The study of the physical process of a pulsed laser interacting with human brain tissue is important to identify the energy transport of photons in a strongly diffused zone. The purpose of this article is to describe by a numerical simulation method (Monte Carlo), the light bundle formed by the source-detector pair by scanning a portion of the volume of diseased tissues. In the present simulation, we use the experimental results: the absorption and scattering coefficients respectively ma and ms. We follow the paths of a random walker and we plot for each event as a first step, the relative fluence rate, the reflectance and the transmittance of the signal in terms of respectively depths of penetration and the times expressed in (ps) using a cylindrical geometry. The second step is to study the distribution of the photons of the recorded at different positions, dependent primarily on the ultra-short pulsed laser source in femtosecond wavelength of 800nm. We consider the spherical coordinates (R,q,j) and time t. Thereafter, we compare these results with those calculated with the Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z).