International Business

In a time that various moral schools boasted in the west, 'hedonism' school did its work outstandingly more than others. Plato that knew ethics as a category of 'aesthetic and beauty' and Aristotle school that introduced moderation as a moral pattern and moral data filled everywhere; Immanuel Kant's moral school (1724-1804), famous and great German philosopher, stepped onto the arena and with a new speculation caused a revolution in thinking world and plane of ethics that it has been compared to Copernican revolution in the world of the heavens. By establishing metaphysic and categorical doctrine and deontology in plane of ethics he introduced moral action in acting according to intent and fulfillment of responsibility of conscience and he believed that because reason is a general endowment therefore rules and laws should be general. But it is important to know that what rules and laws of reasons are and how they can be obtained. Kant spoke about reality, law and social relations beyond evaluation of reason, action and reaction of human's wisdom. He knew that reality and law after criticism and analysis of wisdom and thought are recognizable and constant. From this viewpoint, Kant believed that human makes his aim and has a natural value that undoubtedly distinguishes him from other creatures. The writer intends to criticize and analyze some moral opinions of Kant from his philosophical viewpoint in moral plane and state of human attainment to real perfection and felicity in the shadow of practical reason.

Nowadays museums and historical places are taken into account as of the attractive places for tourisms. In between and besides attracting customers for these centers preserving and customers loyalty are at the high importance. In this practical research, the researcher has attempted to investigate the relationship between the perceived investments with customer’s commitment. The population of this research is all museums historical places tourists of Kermanshah, who are known as an unlimited community. The numbers of the samples which are selected by chance are 384 people. The researcher has a standard questionnaire and the obtained permanency which is %81 is distributed in the so-called sample. After collecting the questionnaires, the hypothesis of the research is tested by LISREL and SPSS software. The obtained results of the research’s hypothesis, show that generally the perceived relational investment has a positive and meaningful relation with the 3 variations, commitment, knowledge and relationship value. (Knowledge and relation value are known as the mediator variation of the perceived relation investment and commitment .And commitment also has positive and meaningful relation with knowledge and relation with knowledge and relation value.

The paper investigates the interaction among foreign remittance, banking sector development and GDP in four South Asian nations that export huge pools of labour abroad. Multivariate Granger causality tests, based on error correction models, are employed with data spanning from 1990 to 2010. A key finding of the paper is that remittances and banking sector development influence per capita income in all four South Asian nations. In addition, interactions among the variables are also examined in a panel setting. As in individual country analyses, both remittance and banking sector development have positive and significant influences on the national income of Nepal. On the other hand, neither domestic products nor advancement in banking sector have significant impact on the remittance flows. This is new findings of the linkage between remittances and economic development, which may also be evident for countries exporting labour pools. Remittance as a major source of foreign currency to the developing nation has become a substantial component of making current account surplus in the balance of payments. It is argued that many workers from Nepal going abroad for employment are no doubt young, energetic, laborious and enthusiastic. They do hard work for earning large remittance income to support their families. However, the downside of remittances reflects the view that remaining young generation for long time outside without family may increase their vulnerability and ultimately it will have a tendency to leave their homeland. Thus, in order to recover the loss of economically active labor force to the domestic economy, they should be encouraged to come back again with skilled knowledge for utilizing their savings and working experience for development to the productive areas in accordance with the priority of the national development plans.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the variances and significance of variances in capital values of properties in metropolitan Lagos of Nigeria resulting from anchoring and adjustment methods used by independent valuers in carrying out valuations within the scope of standard and non-standard anchoring paradigm. Valuation problems of ten properties were presented to 144 valuers in metropolitan Lagos to solve; but 104 (72.2%) participated in the experiment; and the One –sample t-test was used to test the variances. The significant P were all 0.00 for the ten properties; and this means that there are significant variances in estimates of property values determined by the valuers in the area of study. Crises in financial markets in Nigerian economy in the ending years of 2008 resulting from poor property valuation and unreliable values of collateral properties advised by independent valuers have heightened the need to find remedial measures to mitigate wide variances in the property values. Also, wide variances in capital values of real properties will result to clients losing confidence in values advised by valuation professionals.

The growing trend tendency of web-based business world, emphasized on existence of an important and complementary component such as electronic banking as an undeniable necessity .In recent decades with development of communication and information tools, the volume of e-commerce significantly increased Such that between 2002 and 2006 on average each year 50% has added to the volume of trade exchange through electronic contexts. And its amount from 2,293 billion dollars in 2002 has reached to over 12,837 billion dollars in 2006. Given the widespread impact of electronic commerce and global markets dominance, it is necessary that the tools and contexts of transfer and exchange of money to keep pace with appropriate and desirable rate to the growth of e-commerce development. Adequacy of international Capital banks introduces the major risks associated with electronic banking as follows: strategic risk, credit risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, market risk and credit risk (reputation and history).One of the main identified risks in this field is that, All financial institutions Given the characteristics of the environment in which they operate And their activity amount are faced with operational risk that should be controlled As much as possible and determine the needed capital to manage it. Our main goal in this study is to identify operational risk factors in the electronic banking of Keshawarzi Bank. We first seek to identify risk factors that lead to this, so by control and reduction of impact of these factors the severity of this risk type is reduced and to bring about better management

This study estimates Optimization Model for Balance of Trade (BOT) in Iran econometric model of Vector Autoregression (VAR) was employed for period of years (1981-2014). The results indicate that rising ratio of relative price to used cost in investment and wealth may worsen BOT while rise of real capital can lead to improvement of BOT,Shows that there was a need for implementation of economic reforms, further reduction in costs, and omission of investment controls and it requires strengthening infrastructures, encouraging for foreign investment, and increase in domestic savings to accelerate investment and accumulation of capital in Iran.

Globalization brings some negative results in addition to its number of positive aspects. One of the biggest results is the global crisis which affects the world and our country to a large extent. Virtually the global crisis which has been assumed to be appeared as the result of Mortgage crisis in USA has been affecting all establishments active in all kinds of sectors. The research has been implemented for the workers employed in white meat sector in Bolu where the effects of global crisis were widespread in 2009. The scale used in the research has been prepared in order to measure the general affects of the crisis on the workers and their motivations. As a result of the research, the meaningful statistical relations were determined regarding the motivation position of the workers and the demographic variables such as their ages, education status and work experiences. According to the research, it is understood that the workers did not know how to think during the crisis period and they were got into panic and they experienced a felling of losing their trust to the administration and also their jobs. This result is parallel to the prior studies performed regarding this subject.

In the 1950s, the idea of development and the necessity to pay attention to factors of social welfare as well as reduction of poverty highlighted the intervention of governments in economic activities, but since the 1970s and with the formation of the idea of centrality of humanity in development, it was realized that physical assets are not enough to deal with issues arising from underdevelopment in countries, however social issues and policies, and the formation of human capitals are at least as significant as physical assets. Therefore, social support policies in the framework of welfare states and subsidy policies were placed on the top agenda of development programs in different countries. However, what was ignored with regard to payment of subsidies was proper targeting of such policies in a way that most countries were paying their subsidies to general public. Following the debt crisis and global recession in the 1980s and the comparison of the experiences in countries of East Asia, Latin America, South Asia, and Africa, the focus of development approaches was changed to improvement of economic management and acceptance of a greater role for market forces. In this new approach, most countries embarked on reforming their subsidy plans. The main reason for these countries in implementing reform plans was to avoid public subsidies because of their comprehensiveness, population growth, and the increase in the price of goods and services in the global market. In addition, inefficiency of governmental distribution system and negative effects of controlling the price of products for the producers were among other reasons. This article initially provides a definition of subsidy, and its different forms and costs, and will then review the experience of different countries with regard to subsidies. It will eventually investigate the history, objectives, and consequences of subsidy reform plan in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The aim of present search is Study of economical social factors on women perspectives in Esfahan City relating to the role of advertisement on decreasing family consumption. Research method is survey one and statistical population are including all households in Esfahan. Sampling has been done by random method among women of above centers and their numbers are 284 women as a sample device of gathering info is questionnaire whose validity has been reported by professor study and omission  vague questions ( content validity) for estimating its reliability by Cronbach coefficient and it is 86%. For analyzing data we use descriptive or deductive statistics (Ki- Cho test) and variance analysis. Research results show that there is a relation among the type of skill and women employment their perspectives.

In today’s dynamic business environment, the ability to improve business performance is a critical requirement for any organization. The importance of real time access has continually risen, based on Internet development and growing sources of information. As a result, firms collected huge quantities of data & relative new business tools in their effort to understand their business evolution, enhance their performance and create a strong relationship with the employees, clients and partners. The use of information systems has led to the recognition of the importance of quality management in the competitive environment. However, only few companies have taken actions to measure and enhance the quality of information& technology. One of the main attributes that a company with good efficiency could have is that it could expand the information & technology services from its business strategies, goals and needs. The main objective of this paper is to present relationship between objective, decision and performance for all hierarchical levels within a company, by identifying key factors and performance indicators, and present information tools that support performance management and decision making.