Hormones and Signaling

Recent developments in the molecular biology have provided some specific molecular markers which are generally used to define a specific region of genome. In genetic analyses, three types of markers are used as morphological, protein and DNA markers. After the discovery of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR-based markers have been begun to be more preferred. Studies of genetic characterization have inconsiderable importance in the studies such as determining the level of inter and intra- population genetic diversity, devel-oping protection programs, domestication, and deter-mination of migration routes. In genetic characteriza-tion studies, the different biochemical marker systems, alloenzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and Y chromosome specific molecules are used. DNA markers, particularly polymorphic microsatellite markers, constitute the most preferable system in PCR applications. New mo-lecular biology techniques enable analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism to be able to made faster and economically and be used together with microsatellites.

Stress is a part and parcel of modern day life. Everyone remain in stress for either short period or long period depending on their life style. It is well known fact that during stress epinephrine concentration in body rises several times. Now a days every one remain in stress for either short or long period due to changed life style and secrete increase amount of epinephrine in body according to duration of stress. Experimental group receives epinephrine@100 ng/kg b.w and 200 ng/kg b.w on day 1 and 14th of experiments and sacrificed after 4th week. Serum were collected for biochemical assay and tissues for histological study. Glucose level were incresed after increase in epinephrine concentration in mice. Lipid peroxidation level were also increases in stressed group of mice. Hepatic cells and central vein were observed in degenerated condition. Beta cells degeneration were more in comparision to alpha cells in epinephrine administered group of mice. Thus it is concluded from entire study that increased stress causes increased level of glucose while lipid peroxidation level were also increased. Hepatic cells and beta cells of pancreas were degenerated which finally leads to diabetes in mice.

Kallmann's syndrome (KS) is an inherited disorder distinguished by an association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. This altered sense of smell is due to the absence or poor development of olfactory bulbs and girdles; the olfactory grooves are absent in their anterior portion with variable development in the posterior region. In this article, we report a case of Kallmann's syndrome in ten years old male patient who presented at the endocrinology department with pubertal delay and clinical findings suspecting Kallmann's syndrome. With hormonal assays, magnetic resonance imaging was performed as a useful adjunct to the diagnosis in the hierarchy of tests, which shows in our case characteristic findings of KS. The treatment is primarily aimed at restoring, normal pubertal development, and, in some cases, normal fertility, but unfortunately, no cure is available concerning olfactory disorders.

Brown tumor also known as osteitis fibrosa cystica is a focal bony lesion due to bone remodeling from either primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Torticollis is an unusual clinical presentation of the tumor. We report a 65-year-old female patient who had been on hemodialysis for chronic renal failure, admitted with severe cervical pain and torticollis due to a minor cervical trauma. The imaging revealed multiple bony lesions that turned out to be brown tumors.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of antioxidant additives (hypotaurine and cysteine) in different concentrations to the cryopreserving media on the semen cytological parameters pre freezing and post thawing (motility, membrane integrity, morphology, acrosome integrity and viability).The experiment was done on 30 ejaculates collected by artificial vagina method from 5 boer goat bucks during April to May 2011. After collection, ejaculates qualifying standard criteria were pooled. Pooled ejaculates were washed for seminal plasma removal and then diluted in medium based on Tris in which antioxidants were added in various concentrations (hypotaurine 5, 10 and 20mM; cysteine 5, 10 and 20mM) or without antioxidants (control). The diluted semen was cooled at 4ºC, filled in 0.25ml French straws and then stored in liquid nitrogen. The results showed that semen quality did not differ (P < 0.05) in terms of morphology and acrosome integrity with antioxidants supplementation after cooling. Hypotaurine and cysteine significantly improved the characteristics of boer goat semen motility, membrane integrity, morphology, acrosome integrity and viability after cryopreservation. Addition of hypotaurine at 10mM and cysteine at 5mM concentration leads maximum improvement in liquid and frozen boer goat sperm cytological characteristics.

The study was done to know the retention of flower template in night flowering Jasmine of Central India (Durg) Chattisgarh. The time of antheses were recorded .The Study was done to locate the arrival time of pollinators. The pollinators of these flowers are in shadow, thus the pollinators were identified with the arrival time and the probable reason of arrival of these insects was investigated. Sucrose tests were done with flowers at anthesis time and the insect arrival time. Thus studying their correlation and whole pollinator invitation mechanism or the flower template (Darwin 1877). After detailed study one insect was identified as pollinator. Though this plant never produced viable seeds and its propogation is by vegetative means only. Still it has retained all the invitation machinery for pollinators. Pollination by insects was also confirmed in the experiments.

Congenital bridle is a rare cause of inclusion in children. It remains difficult to diagnose and is often only confirmed during surgical exploration. We discuss the literature through the case of a 40-day-old girl admitted to the emergency room for an occlusive syndrome and in whom surgery confirmed this rare entity.

Kidneys play an important role in control and regulation of homeostasis. It is also known that many heavy metals are nephrotoxic as kidney concentrates them before excretion. In order to assess the nephrotoxic effects of nickel chloride, the present work was under taken to observe histopathological changes in kidney of mice by oral administration of different doses of three nickel salts (NiCl2). Histopathological studies with light microscopy were made on the kidney of control and experimental groups of mice. Histopathologically, the density of Bowman’s capsules and tubules decreased as compared to control. The Bowman’s capsules were damaged and contracted badly. The pacts (Proximal convoluted tubules) showed more necrosis than dcts (Distal convoluted tubules) necrosis.

Cystic malformations of the biliary tract are rare congenital conditions estimated at about 1/2,000,000 births. It is a condition that can lead to serious complications such as angiocholitis, chronic pancreatitis, progressive biliary cirrhosis, portal hypertension or biliary lithiasis. Its spontaneous perforation is one of the few complications, first described by Weber in 1934. Reported to us the case of an 18-month-old boy admitted for sub-occlusive syndrome with biliary peritonitis. An ultrasound scan was performed showing abdominal effusion with communicating cystic formation of the biliary tract associated with a sub-capsular effusion of the liver confirmed by a CT scan. The procedure consisted of a peritoneal toilet with a redon drain at the perforation level and a subhepatic drain without excision of the cyst. The patient was readmitted 6 months after this incident for final treatment.

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder that impairs glucose homeostasis. Hyperglycemia is the defining characteristic of diabetes mellitus. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with damage to many of the body’s systems. Diabetes cases in the world are estimated to increase by 122% between 1995 and 2025. As diabetes prevalence increases so does the need for new and more effective therapies. Studies have indicated some herbal extracts have antidiabetic effects. However, rational prescription of effective medicinal plants for diabetes cure, requires precise information of action mechanism of these plants. Ziziphus jujuba, a member of the family Rhamnaceae has been used as a traditional medicinal herb and considered for thousands of years to affect various physiological functions in the body In present study, diabetes induced in rats, and then hypoglycemic effect of Ziziphus jujuba leaves hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated. Then results compared with glibenclamide effect.