Agriculture

This research was carried out during the 2016-2017 growing season at Bayburt University, Food and Agriculture and Livestock Application and Research Center (40°24'05.7"N 40°08'31.3"E). In the research determined morphological and agronomic characteristics of organic and conventionally grown common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. In the study, 13 local bean genotypes and 3 registered varieties (Onceler-98, Aras-98 and Gungor) were used. A randomized complete block design was organized as a split parcel trial design with three replication. Common bean which was organic and conventionally grown, plant height, first pod height, stem diameter, pod width, pod length, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield parameters were measured. It has been determined that there were significant differences in some traits between the genotypes. According to the results obtained from study, the Petekli local bean genotype has the same statistical group as the common bean cultivars (Gungor, Onceler-98, Aydintepe) in terms of seed yield. On the other hand there was no significant difference between organic and conventional farming methods in terms of seed yield. 

Yam cultivation requires loose soil, and tillage is essential for better production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil preparation on the number and yield of yam tuber (Dioscorea cayenensis). A randomized full-block system with three treatments (mound, ridge and no tillage) and repeated three was implemented. Vegetative parameters and performance components were measured. The results obtained showed that: ? The method of soil preparation had definite effects on the growth and number of tubers; ? An increase in the number of tubers was observed for mounded plots compared to those with ridges and no tillage ; ? The mound increased tuber yield compared to the ridge and control.

Abstract: The present field study was conducted to find out the effect of different planting dates during rabi season from November to February in 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively on the infection of various viral diseases caused by Aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Aphis gossypii Glover and white fly, Bemisia tabaci Genn on potato at Adisaptagram Block Seed Farm, Hooghly, West Bengal. The four types of viral diseases, viz. mild mosaic, severe mosaic, leaf roll and apical leaf curl diseases were found to infect the potato crop in this locality. The incidence of viral diseases on potato crop was observed in between first and third week of January and then their infection was gradually increased up to full maturity of the crop. The percentage of viral disease infection was higher in late planted and harvested crop compared to those planted and harvested early. Per cent viral disease incidence was found maximum in P5 (26.25-35.50%), followed by P4 (28.00-30.75%), P3 (26.00-29.00%), P2 (24.00-25.50%) and P1 (17.75-18.00%) respectively. The per cent leaf roll disease incidence (9.00-20.75%) outnumbered the other viral diseases and maximum percentage of PLRV infection was found during later stage of the crop grown in all the five planting dates. The incidence of mild mosaic was slightly higher (4.00-8.00%) than the incidence of severe mosaic (2.50-5.50%) and it was mainly confined in early to middle phase of crop growth. The incidence of apical leaf curl disease was least and its infection was always higher in later planted crops. The maximum yield of potato tuber was found in P2, followed by P1, P3 and P5 respectively.

To provide cashew seedlings with the optimum growing conditions possible during the early phases of establishment, it is crucial to reduce stress. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physiological response of cashew to soil moisture and light conservation under various shading regimes. The seedlings were raised in a 2.8 litter plastic container filled with topsoil under partial shade, semi-partial shade and unshaded (control) conditions at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, (CRIN) Ibadan. The experiment was laid out in a Complete Randomized Design with 4 replications per treatment. The shade effects were studied for 7 months and data on morphological parameters such as plant height, stem girth, numbers of leaves were collected. Light and moisture meter were used to read the amount of sunlight penetration and soil moisture. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means. From the result, plant height growth was highest in the control (full sun) at 50.52cm as the control also had the thickest stem girth and highest number of leaves. Shade imposes a limitation on growth and development of cashew seedlings but varies with shading levels. It should be noted that the results observed in this study are specific to the environmental conditions of the study site.

This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of Rodents and insectivora population of the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve (YBR). Some aspects have been treated and are related to diversity, reproduction, structure of Rodents and insectivorous populations aforesaid Reserve. Sampling collection place from 22nd to 25th September 2019 using trapping technic trapping in parallel and horizontal lines using Sherman and small Victor traps. For a total of 489 harm-trap, 43 specimens were captured, with a success of captures of 8,79% testifying an abundance of the Rodents and the Insectivora of the YBR. The 35 captured Rodents belong to 5 genera and 5 species (Hybomys lunaris, Hylomyscus stella, Lophuromys luteogaster, Praomys. cf. jacksoni and Stochomys longicaudatus) and 8 Insectivora are regrouped in Crocidura sp. On the whole, the ecological indices of Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Equitability show that the biodiversity of small mammals is high. The analysis shows that the reproduction of males and females is higher, during the period of study. The average of litters varies according to species (1 to 2 embryos). Finely, some stability was observed in the structure of Rodent and Insectivora’s populations where the sex-ratio was in balance, because the difference was non significantly among males and females individuals and we had observed some stability in population’s structure by the presence of 3 classes who are: the adults (26 individuals), the subadults (2 individuals) and the young (8).

The test on  in vitro antagonistic acitivity in dual culture showed significance reduction in the radical growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  over control (90 mm colony diameter) and in the field trial study seed treatment with strains of Pseudomonas fluorescence significantly reduced the disease incidence of dry root rot and stem rot  in all  treatments  in comparison to uninoculated control, however Pseudomonas fluorescence strains BHUPf₄ was found more effective in mycelial growth reduction as well as disease reduction of both fungal pathogen namely Rhizoctonia bataticola and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum this is followed by strains BHUP₅, BHUP₆ and BHUPsb.

The importance of erosion in relation to variability of water and soil losses from a parcel of land can be revealed in the measurements of the infiltration characteristics and runoff under a comparable vetiver grass strips and collection tanks within the plots. This experiment is aimed at assessing the variability of runoff and soil loss due to infiltration characteristics of the runoff plots. This study involved three vetiver plots of 20 m interval measured out of six plots (40 m × 3 m each) randomly distributed over a land area of 0.072 ha. The study was conducted on a 6 % slope experimental plot, along Parry Road of the University Ibadan, during the 2007 raining season. The texture of the soil was generally loamy sand. Mean total runoff among the plots was in the trend of no-vetiver plots > vetiver plots (13.50mm > 4.99 mm), the same was true for mean total soil loss (28.78kg/ha > 12.96kg/ha). Variability in the amounts of runoff was moderate in vetiver plots and highly variable in no-vetiver plots (CV = 24 % and 40 % respectively. The correlation between measured soil physical properties and infiltration characteristics with runoff revealed that fine sand content of the soil was negatively related with runoff (r = 0.6450*), but the reverse relationship was true for porosity inferred from soil bulk density and sorptivity of the soil (r = -0.7650*, and -0.8956* respectively).

Water scarcity in Sub-Saharan has led to utilization of the wastewater in home gardening and also in commercial production of vegetables. Wastewater is associated with various contaminants, including heavy metals that are toxic and life threatening to humans. It was therefore important to evaluate and quantity the levels of heavy metals in the vegetable tissues supplied with both wastewater and tap water. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the uptake and accumulation of cadmium and lead in selected indigenous vegetables for two seasons from September to November 2017 and January to March 2018. The field trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and in the greenhouse the treatments were arranged in Complete Randomized Design (RCD) replicated three times. Two types of water sources (wastewater and tap water), two types of irrigation (foliar and root-applied) and four vegetables were the main treatments. The findings revealed that Amaranthus accumulated highest amount of lead in its tissue for the field experiments in season 1, season 2 as well as the greenhouse (3.69mg kg-1 and 4.85mgk g-1 respectively. For cadmium Kales had the highest uptake of 3.38mgkg-1, 0.639mgkg-1 and 0.36mgkg-1 in season 1, season 2 and greenhouse. Interaction effects were also reported in the two metals and the respective vegetable species. Due to high levels of contamination in the water used in irrigation could be the reason for high accumulation of the metals in the vegetable species. Proper phytoremediation measures need to be put across to improve the quality of the vegetables in the region to promote healthy living among the consumers. 

The study was conducted to determine the influence of Trichoderma applied alone or in combination with organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Four treatments were evaluated: T1 (Recommended Rate of Organic Fertilizer (RROF) at 4.5 t ha-1), T2 (Recommended Rate of Trichoderma (RRTP) at 250 kg ha-1), T3 (½ RROF + ½ RRTP) and T4 (Full RROF + Full RRTP), the experiment was laid out following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replication. Results of the study revealed that application of full recommended rate of organic fertilizer (RROF) + full recommended rate of Trichoderma plus (RRTP) significantly influences the plant height of garlic at 30 DAP (38.95 cm) and at harvest (41.09 cm), bulb diameter (28.94 mm), number of bulb per kilogram (90.50) and the yield obtained per hectare (18.0t/ha). Based from this result, combination of full recommended rate of organic fertilizer and Trichoderma is effective source of nutrients for garlic production under pure organic cultivation.

This study looks at the effect of the sea water is having on the Densu delta wetland. The objective of this work is to assess the hydro- chemical dynamics of the surface water from the Densu delta using hydro chemical parameters, stable isotopes- oxygen-18 and deuterium and also asses the quality of the surface water for purposes like irrigation using SAR, %Sodium and other modules. Samples of surface water were taken for physico-chemical analysis. The samples were analysed for physical and chemical parameters and the stable isotopes (18 O and D2O). The results from the stable isotopes have shown that the quality of the surface water is being affected by slight mixing with sea water. From the SAR calculation, 62% and 38% of the water was within the excellent and good category respectively and none were within the doubtful and unsuitable category respectively. Calculation of % sodium showed that about 5 out of 8 samples have high sodium percent (above 60%) and are not suitable for irrigation purposes as per classification of Eaton 1950. From the Richards diagram, approximately 12.5% fall within good category; 75% in the category of doubtful; 12.5% within unsuitable category. Approximately 50% of the samples were found to be good by RSC index; 37% fall within the doubtful category and 13% unsuitable. A high percentage was within permissible ranges for TDS. The results suggest that generally water samples are suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes under normal temperature and pH condition.