Physiology and Anatomy

Anomalous pulmonary venous connection is an abnormality in the blood flow in which all the 4 pulmonary veins drain into the systemic veins or into the right atrium with or without the pulmonary venous obstruction. The Systemic and the pulmonary venous blood get mix in the right atrium. Becomes an atrial defect or foramen ovale is more important in the left ventricular output as both in the fetal and in the newborn circulations

As the scrotum and labia majora form in males and females, respectively; the gubernaculum aids in the descent of the gonads. This being both testes and ovaries. The testes would descend to a greater degree than the ovaries and thus passing through the inguinal canal. The gubernaculum connects the gonad to the inguinoscrotal region and is involved in testis descent. In the male fetus it rapidly develops, whereas in the female fetus, development is lacking.

Autoimmune pancreatitis is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis. There are two diffuse and focal forms that mimic the appearance of a pseudo-mass or pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which the differential diagnosis may be difficult, The classic CT scan appearance of AIP is that of diffuse hypertrophy of the sausage shaped pancreas and a pathognomonic hypodense peripheral ring with a delayed contrast enhancement, Focal pancreatic involvement is often seen in the head of the pancreas and appears in the form of a mass mimicking pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Bladder tumors remain rare in young people. Tobacco is an important risk factor. The evolutionary profile of superficial tumors seemed to us different before and after 30 years. Tobacco is an important factor in the genesis of these tumors, but other factors may be hereditary. Their profile is still poorly known. The objective of this work is to:Specify the risk factors in this type of population.Define the characteristics of these tumors. Attempt to determine the evolutionary profile after treatment.

Majority of tumours occurring in minor salivary gland are malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumour rare in minor salivary gland of palate. We report a rare case of a minor salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma of the palate in 60 year old female patient who presented with painless slow progressive swelling of palate over the last 7 years. The mass was extending to nasopharynx and oropharynx causing mechanical obstruction of airway and dysphagia. CT scan depicted soft tissue density mass lesion measuring 5 × 4.5cm in the left half of soft palate. Fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of pleomorphic adenoma. Complete surgical excision of mass was done. Histopathological examination confirmed diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary gland. Pleomorphic adenoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of palatal mass. Timely intervention of pleomorphic adenoma prevents malignant changes.Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice.Recurrence is rare after complete surgical excision with wide margin. Prognosis is excellent after complete surgical excision.

The forgetfulness of foreign body after digestive and abdominal surgery, despite its rarity, remains a real challenge. Justifying the reputation of textilomas known as being difficult to diagnose. Training is needed to try to reduce this rare but serious complication. We report a series of 5 cases of abdominal and digestive tract textilomas collected over a period of 5 years in the department of visceral surgery and oncology of Oujda university hospital, with review of the literature on this issue.

The Buschke-Löwenstein tumor (TBL) or giant acuminate condyloma (GAG) is a pseudo-epitheliomatous proliferation belonging to the group of verrucous carcinomas. Its first description dates back to 1896. It was in 1925 that Buschke and Löwenstein made it a characteristic entity. It is of viral origin (HPV), of sexual transmission reaching mainly the ano-genital zones. It is characterized by its degenerative potential and its recurrence after treatment. TBL is a relatively rare condition and always preceded by condylomata acuminata, its annual incidence appears to be 0.1% among the sexually active adult population. It occurs at any age after puberty and predominates between the 4th and 6th decades. The infection can reach both sexes, it is frequently seen in the male sex. The development, persistence and recurrence of condylomas largely reflect the immune status of the host. Immunosuppression, chronic inflammation, lack of hygiene and HIV infection appear to be risk factors for this condition. The implication of the papillomavirus and in particular of its serotypes HPV 6 and 11 is accepted in the genesis of the TBL. Its prevention is imperative based on the treatment of condylomata acuminata and the fight against sexually transmitted diseases. The treatment must be early, it is essentially surgical requiring a wide excision. We report the case of a 55-year-old patient with a history of sexual vagrancy and repeated urethritis who consults for a penile tumor that has been evolving for 8 years. The clinical examination noted several infiltrated tumor lesions, cauliflower papillomatous lesions of the root and ventral surface of the penis, fetid and painless. The ganglionic areas were free. HIV, syphilitic and hepatitis B and C serology were negative. Treatment consisted of surgical excision with skin covering adjacent to the skin. The histological examination of the excision piece revealed an important papillomatous hyperplasia of the epidermis and some koilocytes in favor of a giant condyloma. After 2 years of retreat, we did not find any recurrence.

Gastrointestinal duplications are rare congenital anomalies but interesting clinical entities. Most of them showing up in pediatric population they have a varied presentation, with clinical features will vary from asymptomatic abdominal masses to bowel obstruction or perforation. This review traces the embryological origin and describes the anatomical types of duplications. Lack of normal gut motility interferes with movement of intestinal contents In children mostly associated with abdominal surgery or infection. Adhesions are fibrous bands of tissue Cause: postoperative small bowel obstruction after abdominal surgery The majority of obstructions: is single adhesions and can occur any time after 2nd postoperative week

Persistent left superior vena cava is rare but an important congenital vascular anomaly. When superior cardinal vein caudal to innominate vein fails to regresses PLSVC occurs. It is observed in isolation but associated with other cardiovascular abnormalities including atrial septal defect, biscuspid aortic valve, and coarctation of aorta, coronary sinus ostial atresia, and cortriatratium. The PLSVC can render access to right slide of heart challenging via the left subclavian approach, which is utilized using pacemaker and Swiz-Ganz catheters. Incidental notation of dilated coronary sinus on echocardiography raises the suspicion of PLSVC. The diagnosis is confirmed by saline contrast echocardiography.

Interrupted aortic arch a rare abnormality, is the discontinuity of the ascending and descending aorta. There are three types which are classified based on the area of interruptions. They are Type-A, Type-B and Type-C. In the Type-A form, the interruptions occurs distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Type-B interrupted left aortic arch is characterized by the interruption that occurs between the left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery. Type-C variants are due to the interruption or discontinuity between the innominate artery and the left common carotid artery.