Chemical Engineering

Corrosion from long time ago was one of the biggest problems of gas and oil industry. Corrosion not only cause to high costs of repairs ,but stopping production during repairing and safety matters cause to enormous loss .The importance of covering of underground pipes with plastic material in decade of 1970 continuously has been increased .So that in many cases ,replaced to traditional protector on the base of natural pitch and coal tar .In 1980 more progress was in the field of covering pipes with plastic materials that cause to decisively stabilization of polyethylene and molten connected epoxy as new protector for underground and sea pipe lines .So the aim of continuous extension of plastic materials and covering systems was in direction of making protection tools that are flexible for transferring and resting on extension slope from environment temperature and even preserve their integration in extension range of applied temperature .In this paper we try to study the act of corrosion in external metal pipe lines and even different ways of protection and ways of contrast against mechanical injury and chemical corrosion under soil , by attention to the type of soil.

The contamination of water by toxic heavy metals is a worldwide problem. The presence of hexavalent chromium in waste water is a potential hazard to aquatic life and humans. Biosorption of heavy metals is an important technique used in the removal of toxic metals from various sources like industrial waste, aqueous systems and municipal waste waters. Metal removal technique using non-conventional adsorbents such as microorganisms are cheap because of the low cost of adsorbents used and many represent a practical replacement to conventional processes. There are various mechanisms such as kinetic models and adsorption isotherms employed for the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from various sources. The present review discusses brief findings of hexavalent chromium removal with the maximum metal uptake by using living and non-living microorganisms as adsorbents.

It is the provision of energy that meets the demands of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs. It includes all renewable energy sources such as hydroelectricity, wind energy, solar energy, wave power, geothermal, bio energy and tidal energy. It also includes technologies that designed to improve energy efficiency. The renewable energy technologies are mainly grouped into three sectors as first, second and third generation technologies. Green energy and energy conservation techniques comes under the category of sustainable energy development. Many European countries employ these techniques in the local level. These techniques are implemented right from energy carriers such as hydrogen and liquid nitrogen carriers. The recent statistic figures show that these green sustainable energies of rapid importance as the planet earth is suffering from global warming. This sustainable energy development has got links with all the sectors of energy such as energy production, conservation, and decrease of pollution and to implement techniques that are eco friendly.

The metal taking capacity of several types of biomass, agro products and by-products has gained attention during recent years. In the present study, one such material i.e., coconut shell powder was chosen as the biosorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of this sorbent was investigated by batch experiments. High adsorption (>90 %) is achieved in the present study.

Plastics have become an important part of modern life and are used in different sectors of applications like packaging, building materials, consumer products and much more. Each year about 100 million tons of plastics are produced worldwide. Demand for plastics in India reached about 4.3 million tons in the year 2001-02 and would increase to about 8 million tons in the year 2006-07. Degradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer. The Degradation types are (a).Chain end degradation/de-polymerization (b).Random degradation/reverse of the poly condensation process. Biodegradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight by naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. That is involved in the degradation of both natural and synthetic plastics.  Examples of Standard Testing for Polymer Biodegradability in Various Environments. ASTM D5338: Standard Test Method for Determining the Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions, ASTM D5210: Standard Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in the Presence of Municipal Sewage Sludge, ASTM D5526: Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Landfill Conditions, ASTM D5437: Standard Practice for Weathering of Plastics under Marine Floating Exposure. Plastics are biodegraded, (1).In wild nature by aerobic conditions CO₂, water are produced,(2).In sediments & landfills by anaerobic conditions CO₂, water, methane are produced, (3).In composts and soil by partial aerobic & anaerobic conditions.

The deterioration of the flexible pavements are also due to extreme climatic conditions prevailing in the country in addition to the heavy traffic. The polymer modification of the bitumen can improve the quality of binders and enhance the properties of binders used for the construction of pavements. Ageing of bitumen is one of the principal factors causing the failure of bituminous pavement components due to the prolonged exposure to air and environmental conditions. Ageing are of two types i.e. short term and long term. Short-term ageing occurs when binder is mixed with aggregates in a mixing plant. Long-term ageing occurs after pavement construction and is generally due to environmental exposure and loading. The properties of bitumen mainly depend on the age of bitumen. Therefore there is a need to study the properties of modified bitumen before and after ageing. In this paper the the physical properties of EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate) modified bitumen is discussed, optimum dose is determined and the effect of ageing on the binder prepared using the optimum dose is evaluated.

Reservoirs containing heavy oil are usually produced using any of the enhanced thermal oil recovery techniques. Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) technique was used to extract heavy oil from the reservoir investigated. With the CMG STARS software, a theoretical analysis was performed and a numerical model was developed to simulate gravity-assisted steam-flood for a well that was subjected to thermal recovery technique where energy in the form of heat was supplied into the reservoir. Development of the simulation model was used for history matching. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the relationship between viscosity and temperature. Additional well placement was also modeled for production optimization. The methods applied and results obtained provide a platform for predicting production performance and establishes ways to improve recovery.

The present environmental concerns over fly ash disposal have sparked interest in its conversion to value added product such as adsorbent. Fly ash derived from coal residues has a potential for conversion to adsorbent. Still more remarkable is the subsequent utilization of theses adsorbent synthesized from fly ash as adsorbent for removal of dye and heavy metals in the industry. In the present study the coal based fly ash was used to synthesis adsorbent by alkali fusion, followed by hydrothermal treatment. The synthesis is carried out by thermal method with a temperature of 5500C. Based on adsorption batch studies it can be concluded that the adsorbent developed in the present study is fairly effectieve in the removal of Methyl Red and K2Cr2O7 solution.

Today, multi-stage compressors serve in many industry branches. The multi-stage compressor design is primarily focused on storage or process conditions. Outside of the guaranteed time that the compressor manufacturer ensures, material fatigue and other mechanical problems that occur during process cause off-design operation of compressors. In this study, the relative Mach number in the discharge and inducer, including the non-dimensional mass flow rate are studied and compared with appropriate available theory.

Produced water represents more than 80% of the volume of waste generated by activities in the oil and gas industry. This is an enormous waste and should be handled and disposed of in a manner that should avoid negative environmental consequences. This paper details laboratory analysis for the removal of some of the harmful chemical and physical properties. Produced water was collected from A-field in the Niger Delta using 250 ml sterile sample bottle. At the end of the analysis, results show that removal of these harmful properties is dependent on the type of treatment proffer as the individual properties have different characteristics of the produced water quality and its origin. Compounds such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenols, and other chemical product which are used to facilitate petroleum production recovery contribute to oilfield water pollution.