Pollution

Guar gum waste was treated with ethylacetoacetate. The resultant acetoacetyl guar gum (AGG) was then adducted with sodium bisulfate. The so called product was designated as SAGG. The various mixture of SAGG, pumkin peel powder, eggshell powder and activated charcoal were prepared. The waste water from different industrial zones was collected and then qualitative parameters were determined. All the wastewater samples treated with above various mixtures as adsorbent. The analytical parameters before and after adsorption process were documented and discussed.

Eutrophication is a worldwide environmental problem attributed to direct or indirect discharge of untreated or partially treated effluents from a variety of industries including slaughter-houses. Nutrient-rich water compromises its suitability for various uses and threatens human and environmental health. A study was carried out to assess the impact of effluents from Dagoreti slaughter-houses on the water quality of Kavuthi stream, one of the tributaries of Nairobi River. Samples of effluent effluents from the slaughter-houses and water from Kavuthi stream were collected in 2010 for the determination of both temporal and spatial variation of various eutrophication parameters: total phosphates (TP), soluble reactive phosphates (SRP), ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2). A mean concentration of 5.14± 0.30 mgL-1 for TP, 2.80±0.37mgL-1 for SRP, 18.27± 0.93 mgL-1 for NH4-N, 8.88±0.25 mgL-1 for NO3-N and 1.63±0.22 mgL-1 for NO2-N were recorded for the effluent from the slaughter-house. Significant differences were observed between sampling occasions and sites (p<0.05) along the stream. On average, 1.52±0.08 mgL-1 for TP, 0.68±0.05 mgL-1 for SRP, 5.34± 0.41 mgL-1 for NH4-N, 4.36±0.20 mgL-1 for NO3-N and 0.46±0.05 mgL-1 for NO2-N for the water samples along Kavuthi stream were recorded. Despite the significantly high concentrations of these nutrients in sites downstream of the effluent discharge point as compared to upstream sites, their levels were within the limits stipulated by National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) - Water Quality Regulation for effluent discharge into the environment and source of water for domestic purpose. The study recommends that the slaughter-house operators adopt appropriate effluents treatment interventions and effluent discharge guidelines in order to safeguard human and environmental health.

In present paper, we investigated the water samples taken from sewage treatment plant (STP) at Habak of famous Dal lake Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir). Comparative analysis was carried out for inlet of the STP and outlet discharged into the Dal Lake. Some essential physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),chemical oxygen demand (COD),dissolved oxygen (DO),chloride (Cl-),total alkalinity (TA),total hardness (TH),total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS),total suspended solids (TSS) were studied. TS,TDS and TSS were determined by oven dry method, COD was determined by reflux digestion method, BOD was estimated by Azide modification of Winkler method, TA as HCO3-,TH (Calcium, Ca2+, Magnesium,Mg2+) and Chloride (Cl-), were estimated by standard titrimetry. For major and minor trace element (TE) determination, energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX) facilities attached to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were employed. It was observed that the concentration of TS, TSS, TE, BOD and COD reduces but the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) increases after treatment at STP. It was found that the contents or proportions of most of the parameters (TS, TSS, TE, BOD and COD) decrease whereas the dissolved oxygen was found to increase after treatment. Various possibilities are explored vis a vis the current observed data.

Bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contaminated soil was investigated using micro scale land farming. The mushroom species: namely saprophytic, symbiotic and parasitic were applied by broadcasting them to the relevant cell at 10 cm depth. 100 g of mushroom substrate was applied once in 6 weeks to the cells. These quantities of mushroom supplied enough nitrogen to the cells for the 10 week remediation period. The biodegradation rates of PAHs contaminated soil in the presence of the mushroom were studied using chemical kinetics approach. The reaction orders were studied using the differential method but the reaction rate constants were computed using the integral method. -1Results show that reaction rate constants were 0.0503, 0.0536 and 0.0515 day-1, for saprophytic, parasitic and symbiotic mushrooms respectively. The reaction orders and rate constants show no significant difference. However, parasitic mushroom degrade the PAHs faster than the other species.

This research work reflects the effect of open waste dump on groundwater quality at Rukpokwu, Port Harcourt. Water quality contamination due to open waste disposal has been assuming menacing proportion. In the area in consideration, groundwater is unsafe for drinking due to the alteration that has been caused to the ground water hydrology because of the open waste dumping site. Ground water and leachate samples from the open waste dump site were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for their physical and chemical characteristics. From the results obtained, it was discovered that the mean concentration values of TDS, DO, NH4+, SO4+, NO3- , pH, and TSS are 94.97mg/l, 4.075mg/l, 0.24mg/l 0.446mg/l, 0.67mg/l, 28.36mg/l, 7.12mg/l and 0.172mg/l for leachate samples. Also the mean concentration values for Mn, Cl, Mg in groundwater samples are 60mg/l, 0.10mg/l and 1.09mg/l and for well water samples and 70mg/l, Nil and 2.908mg/l respectively. The mean concentration for measured parameters except COD, BOD, Total Coliform, Manganese, Colour, appearance and odour conform to WHO standard for drinking water.

Analytical solutions are obtained for a one-dimensional advection–diffusion equation with variable coefficients in a semi-infinite longitudinal domain. Three cases are considered. In the first one the solute dispersion is time dependent along a uniform flow and in the second case the dispersion and the velocity both are considered spatially dependent expressions, while in third case, dispersion and the velocity both have time and spatially dependent expressions in degenerate forms. In first and third cases the solutions may be used for different time dependent expressions. It has become possible by introducing new independent variables with the help of certain transformations.

Developing countries face increasing local demand for energy in rural areas, they also have both economic and environmental pressure on agricultural lands. The possibility of growing energy crops such as [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] has the potential to enable some smallholder farmers, producers and processors to cope with these pressures. In this concern, A field experiment was carried out at a private farm in Manshyet El Gammal, Tamiah district, Fayum Governorate to study the effect of foliar application with tap water (control),  zinc (300 ppm Zn-EDTA), potassium (2.0% KNO₃) or ascorbic acid (200 ppm) on vegetative growth and some physiological aspects of Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] under three drip irrigation treatments ( irrigation every 3,5 and 7 days ( represent optimum, moderate and severe water stress. Increasing irrigation interval significantly decreased all the studied growth characters, as well as the content of potassium and zinc.  While it increased the content of chlorophyll a+b , proline, soluble carbohydrates as well as the value of succulence and osmotic potential. Foliar application with potassium, zinc or ascorbic acid positively affected all the growth and physiological criteria of the tested plants compared with (control treatment). Foliar application with potassium surpasses the other foliar application treatments especially by prolonging the irrigation interval period.

This study is to know the levels of temperature and electrical conductivity of Groundwater. Temperature increase was recently considered as a serious water pollutant. The known sources that modestly increase the temperature of groundwater are municipal wastes, industrial effluents and biochemical activities. Electrical conductivity which is the ability of water to conduct electricity is also related to the concentration of ionized substance in water. The ions that have major influence on the conductivity of groundwater are H⁺, Na⁺, Mg^2+. Ca^2+., Cl.^-. SO₄^2-.  Samples of borehole water were collected around Sapele L.G.A and were analytically assessed to ascertain the physicochemical characteristics. Results obtained shows that Temperature range between 14^oC – 30^oC and electrical conductivity range of 23.00 – 400.00 us/cm and were found to be within the world health organization (WHO) desirable and maximum levels.

This work is focused on the purification of soap factory wastewaters by a combined system planted of emerged macrophytes. The exploitation of this combined system planted reveals substantial results after twenty weeks of the purification of wastewater. Neutralization of the pH of filtered water and its cooling. Almost all suspended matter is removed (95%) from the filtered waters. Significant reductions in ammonium (75%) and nitrite (69%) contents are observed. Using this combined system planted, high removal rates of orthophosphates (56%) and anionic surfactants (81%) are obtained. The removal rate of organic matter is about 76% in BOD5 and 42% in COD.

The menace of industrial pollution has been haunting the human world in the past several decades by causing different types of pollution. Agricultural sector in Nepal is severely affected by the direct discharge of untreated effluents on the agriculture land. This paper focuses to analyze the effect of industrial effluents on soil by measuring different physico-chemical parameters. Discharge of industrial effluents into the soil causes to change the physico-chemical and biological profile of the soil. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, moisture, organic matter, water holding capacity, specific gravity, texture, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were analyzed. The study revealed the negative impact of industrial effluents in the soil. Various parameters were found badly affected, which were different from the normal range of the fertile soil. Excessive accumulation of organic matters has changed the alkalinity of the soil. The alkalinity was found maximum in the soil near to soap industries. Irregular distribution of micronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) was found in the present study.