Pollution

Major ions as well as pH and conductivity were analysed in about 52 rainwater samples collected daily from the rain station of GhanaAtomic Energy Commission for a period of April, 2009- June, 2010. Results for the major cations analyses indicate a trend of K⁺>Na⁺>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺ and the major anions show a trend of HCO₃^->Cl^->SO₄^2->NO₃^-.The values of pH range from 4.62-8.64 and conductivity from 5.74-1274µS/cm.Contribution to the acidity of rain in this area is mostly by SO₄^2- instead of NO₃^- due to the reason that the study area lies in the Accra Plains which is a highly industrialized area. Ratios of mean annual concentrations of major ions (Cl^-, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2-) to Na⁺ in the rainwater samples were higher in comparison to   sea water. This suggests that there are other sources of these ions apart from the sea. High concentrations of most of the elements were recorded in months with smaller amounts of rainfall and so it was concluded that continuous rainfall may have washed away so many of the elements suspended in the atmosphere.

Today the world is at the risk of environmental disarray. The main reason is population explosion. The result of the uncontrollable population, forces us to maintain the inventory of all products at a higher level. The suppliers are comparatively lesser than buyers. To retain the confidence of the buyers, the suppliers seek logistics and packaging for the deliverance of the goods to the customers at the right time and in the right manner respectively. This paper deals with an Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) which associates the package cost along with the costs of ordering, purchasing and holding. The need for packaging and the impact of its inclusion in the classical EOQ model together with transportation cost are discussed.

In this present study, analysis of surface river water quality in seven locations was carried out to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of water.The sampling sites were selected on the basis of their distance, such as Scholavandan (S1), Thiruvedakam (S2), Thenur (S3), Kochadai (S4), Arappalayam (S5), Goripalayam (S6) and Teppakulam ((S7). The pH value 7.0 is considered as best and ideal. The pH is range from 7.38 to 7.87 which was the permissible limit. Total dissolved solids and Electrical conductivity were found moderate in S1 to S6 site and S7 were recorded maximum. The total hardness and alkalinity also recorded maximum in S7 site than that remains. The Calcium, Mg, and Fe were recorded maximum in S7 site rest of others were permissible limit. Free NH3 was found maximum in S5 (1.2mg/L), S6 (1.5mg/L) and S7 (2.5mg/L) site. Nitrite was observed high in S3 (1.5mg/L). Phosphate was found objectable limit in S3 (1.2mg/L) and S7 (2.0mg/L). Finally, the result was concluding that the surface running water was contaminated at few sampling sites namely S5 (Arappalayam), S6 (Goripalayam) and S7 (Teppakkulam) due to the anthropogenic activity. But the sampling sites S1, S2, S3 and S4 are recommended for use to drinking and other purpose.

Sediment management strategies are a key requirement in developing countries including Iran because of the limited resources available. These targeting however hampered by the lack of reliable information on catchment sediment sources. This paper reports the results of using a quantitative composite ?ngerprinting technique to estimate the relative importance of the primary potential sources within the Amrovan and Royan catchments in Semnan Province, Iran. Fifteen tracers were first selected for tracing and samples were analyzed in the laboratory for these parameters. Statistical methods were applied to the data including Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). For the Amrovan catchment three parameters (N, Cr and Co) were found to be not significant in making the discrimination. The optimum fingerprint, comprising C, P, Kaolinite and K was able to distinguish correctly 100% of the source material samples. For the Royan catchment, all of the 15 properties were able to distinguish between the six source types and the optimum fingerprint provided by stepwise DFA (Chlorite, XFD, N and C) correctly classifies 92.9% of the source material samples. The mean contributions from each sediment source obtained by multivariate mixing model varied at two catchments. For the Amrovan catchment Upper Red Formation was the main sediment sources as this sediment source approximately supplied 36% of the reservoir sediment whereas the dominant sediment source For the Royan catchment was from Karaj formation that supplied 33% of the reservoir sediments. Results indicated that the source ?ngerprinting approach appears to work well in the study catchments and to generate reliable results.

This study involved assessment of effect of chemical weathering of bedrock on the hydrochemical character of associated shallow groundwater system in Abeokuta area, SW-Nigeria. Physico-chemical parameter revealed a mild acidic water system with pH of 5.9–6.9 while the hydrochemical analyses revealed the order of abundance of elements concentrations as Na⁺>Ca²⁺>Mg^2+>K⁺ for cations and HCO₃>Cl>SO₄>NO₃ for anions in Migmatite Gneiss (MG) compared to the concentration order of Na⁺>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺ for cations and Cl>HCO₃>SO₄>NO₃ for anions under Porphyritic Biotite Granite (PBG) and Porphyroblastic Gneiss (PG) bedrock settings.  Further hydrochemical characterization revealed that the water samples collected around the PBG and PG were mostly of Ca-HCO₃ water type, characterized with low total dissolved solids (TDS) of 228–391mg/l while those around MG revealed Na-HCO₃ water type with TDS of about 315mg/l. A comparison of the dissolved trace elements revealed that the water samples from the three bedrock settings revealed concentrations within the limits of WHO/EU standards except for enrichment of Al and Fe with concentrations of 0.25–0.55mg/l and 0.36–0.60mg/l respectively. This is a clear indication of geogenic influence of water-rock interactions on shallow groundwater chemistry.

There are two basic conditions necessary for the occurrence of wind erosion in widespread locations. Firstly it must occur regions that have constant winds and the second condition is that the soil must be dry so that it can be easily transported by wind and its average annual precipitation must be less than 250 mm. This study aimed to estimate seasonal and annual rainfall of Khorasan Razavi province with a 20-year period using three geostatistical methods: kriging, IDW and Cokriging. Results showed that between the three geostatical methods that were used in this study, Cokriging showed higher accuracy than the other two methods (based on RMSE and ME less), so the final maps were prepared using his method. Based on the analysis of statistical data in the SPSS software and the variogram , the most appropriate data model for the seasonal and annual precipitation maps that was selected was the ArcGIS9.3 software. According to the maps, the more north you go the more precipitation occurs; which shows the correlation between height and precipitation. Thus the correlation coefficient between height and seasonal and annual precipitation is stronger, and there will be higher accuracy of prediction through Cokriging. These factors are also effective in wind erosion when the amount of annual rainfall and distribution is in different seasons. According to the results obtained, areas other than the north and northwest, particularly in the eastern provinces are prone to wind erosion.

The presence of excessive amount of fluoride in bore wells and drinking water causes dental fluorosis, mottling of teeth etc. Ground water contains fluoride ions dissolved from geological formations. The presence of low concentrations or absence of fluoride in water results in a high incidence of dental caries in children’s teeth. Therefore the concentration of fluoride should be within permissible limit as prescribed by various organizations such as ICMR, WHO, BIS etc. Hence, it becomes very important to analyze the fluoride in the water of bore-wells for used drinking purpose. In the present study, fluoride content has assessed by standard analytical procedures and found in the range 0.008 to 0.615 ppm at different sampling stations of Azamgarh city during Jan 2012 to July2012.

The aim of the present study is the development of an ecofriendly approach to treat sewage or industrial waste containing metal contaminants. The approach utilized cyanobacterial strain “Anabaena variabilis”, raised using exposure to externally applied electricity. Experimental algal cells were used to test for Copper sorption experiments, which were carried out as a function of pH, initial amount of biosorbtant and contact time. At pH 6 the maximum Cu sorption efficiency of live 1g (20.55%), 3g (34.28%) and 5g (51.43%) test sample were observed after 24 hours. Further studies showed a sharp increase in Cu sorption at the end of 4^th day incubation. At the end of 4^th day uptake of copper ions were found to be maximum for 1g (39.74%), 3g (55.47%) and 5g (71.62%) of test cells. Such findings show the possibility of manipulating or over expressing existing resistance mechanisms and the use of such organisms to remove harmful metals from the environment.

Abstract: The generation of solid waste has become an increasing environmental and public health problem everywhere in the world, particularly in the developing countries. The problem of inadequate solid waste management is a major environmental challenge all over the world and Tiptur town is no exception. The problem has become compounded due to technical, financial and institutional constraints and landfill sites have further contributed to environmental degradation. The present study was to investigate the heavy metal contamination of ground water sources in and around Tiptur Town . Heavy metals like Fe++, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb and Hg estimated to analyze ground water pollution load with respect to human health concern ,since Tipturians depend on ground water for drinking purpose. In the present investigation observed result showed that iron concentration varied between a minimum of 0.03 mg/l to a maximum of 2.9 mg/l. Other trace metals Zn, Mn and Cr were within the permissible limit and Pb, Hg and Cd were below detectable level.

Golinga irrigation scheme is one of the few schemes in the Northern Region of Ghana. In this paper, types and levels of Organochlorine pesticide residues in the dam water have been investigated. Water samples were taken at two intervals (before and after crop planting) during the 2012 farming season. Water samples were processed using a liquid-liquid extraction method and gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Twenty- one (21) different organochlorine residues were identified namely: ?-HCH (0.094 ?g/g), ?-HCH (0.21 ?g/g), ?-HCH (0.109 ?g/g), ?-HCH (0.23 ?g/g), HCB (0.12 ?g/g), Heptachlor (0.27 ?g/g), Aldrin (0.25 ?g/g), Cis-heptachlor epox (0.14 ?g/g), Trans-heptachlor epox (0.080 ?g/g), Trans-chlordane (0.123 ?g/g), Cis-chlordane (0.076 ?g/g), Trans-nonachlor (0.27 ?g/g), Dieldrin (0.17 ?g/g), Endrin (0.083 ?g/g), O’P-DDE (0.15 ?g/g), P’P-DDE (0.18 ?g/g), O’P-DDD (0.36 ?g/g), P’P-DDD (0.061 ?g/g), O’P-DDT (0.126 ?g/g). P’P-DDT recorded highest concentration of 0.52 ?g/g whiles mirex recorded the least of - 0.057 ?g/g. All residues except mirex were above the WHO Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) for drinking water. These compounds in the dam pose serious health hazards to humans, aquatic life and irrigated crops thus usage of chemicals which result in pollution of the dam should be controlled.