Applied Chemistry

Drying is known as one of the oldest and best method for keeping the agricultural materials and food products. In process of drying, utilization of energy makes that drying seems an activity with the most consumption of energy. In this paper, kinetics of drying of banana pieces was carried out using Hybrid Dryer. In our experiments, dryer were regulated in velocities of air of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s and temperatures of 60, 70 and 80?. Banana pieces were cut with thickness of 5 millimeter. In order to achieve the fit model in molding of kinetics of drying, it must be examine the models. Thus, in this research, 8 models were selected randomly to obtain the fit model. In evaluation of models, among the 8 models, Aghbashlo model was fit model. The model called fit model that it has highest value for R2 and lowest values for RMSE, and MBE in all of the experiments. Variation domain of energy of activation and diffusivity of moisture of effective were 6.52×10-9 to 9.20×10-9m2/s & 50.61 to 53.79 kJ/ mol., respectively.

A Steady State Mass Balance method (SSMB) in all different forms was used to calculate the critical load of sulphur and nitrogen for soil. The present load of sulphur (161.1 Eq ha-1 yr-1), nitrogen (49.9 Eq ha-1 yr-1) and ammonium (176.8 Eq ha-1 yr-1) were calculated from wet and dry deposition from Agra region. The values of critical load of sulphur and nitrogen for soil with respect to wheat (Triticum vulgaris), maize (Zea mays), rye (Triticale), potato (Solanum tuberosum), lemon (Citrus argentifolium), anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) were calculated.The values of actual acidity calculated were lower than the values assessed by the RAINS-Asia model of this area. It has been concluded that chloride also plays an important role in the acid deposition which changes the value of critical load significantly.

The ligand, 4-butanoyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (HBPy) and its complexes with Mn (II), La (III), Zr (III), V (V) and W (VI) were tested for antibacterial activity relative to streptomycin and penicillin antibiotics. The filter paper scraps diffusion method was used. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against G(+) Staphylococcus aureus, G(+) Hay bacillus and G(-) Eschericha coli. It could be observed from the results that the antibacterial effect of the Mn(BPy)2.2H2O and the VO2(BPy).HBPy complexes were similar to that of penicillin against the two G(+) strains. The other three complexes also had such antibacterial activity, but a little weaker than that of penicillin. The test data also indicated that streptomycin was intermediately effective against G(+) Hay bacillus. The five complexes at a concentration of 2 ?g/disc, showed antibacterial activity against G(+) Hay bacillus comparable to that of streptomycin with a concentration of 10 ?g/disc. The ligand and its complexes showed none or much weaker antibacterial activity compared to penicillin and streptomycin against G(-) Eschericha coli. It is therefore concluded that the metal complexes studied are potent against the Gram-positive bacteria studied; hence the compounds have great potentials in the exploration of new chemotherapy agents.

New transition metal [V(V), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Cd(II)] complexes of (EPMPB) have been investigated in solution using Potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. The composition of the complexes was determined to be 1:1 and/or 1:2 (M: L), the optimum conditions favouring the formation of the coloured complexes were studied extensively; protonation constants and their stability constants of the complexes were calculated. The stability constants of the formed complexes increase in the order Pd (II) > V (V) > Cu (II) > Co (II) > Ni (II) > Cd (II). Adherence to Beer's law was observed for the µgmL-1 concentration range form 0.31- 3.49 and 1.06 - 4.25(?gml-1) for Cu(II) ion and Pd(II) ions, respectively, Molar absorptive was 6,899 and 10,788 L mol-1 cm-1 for Cu(II) and Pd(II) ions, respectively.

The major component of wastes from uncultivated plants that constitutes environmental problems is seed. Artocarpus heterophyllus seed and Parkia biglobosa seed pulp were investigated for proximate composition, chemical and antibacterial properties of their oils with a view to exploiting their nutritional and industrial potentials. The crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat content were 14.02, 5.25; 1.23, 12.00; 26.5, 18.00 g/100g respectively. The high iodine value of the fixed oils; 1788, 1425 g iodine kg-1 oil respectively compared favourably with edible oils, while the high saponification values of 296.14 and 193.12 g KOH kg-1 suggested they are good feedstock for the soap industry. The seed and seed pulp essential oils could also find application as antibacterial agent to extend the shelf life of easily perishable food products.

The Strychnos spinosa seed were analysed to establish its proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional compositions using standard analytical methods. The seed, on dry weight basis, contains crude protein (6.40%), crude lipid (1.96%), ash (2.30%), available carbohydrates (66.86%), calorific value (310.68kcal/100g) and moisture (17.20%). The seed is rich in, potassium (1260mg/100g), magnesium (49.00mg/100g), iron (1.30mg/100g), sodium (20.60 mg/100g) and phosphorus (69.00mg/100g). Though, the seed also has high content of total oxalate (50.30 %) and phytic acid (198.25 mg/100g). The levels of various nutrient and mineral elements varied significantly, which indicates the potential of the seed to be harnessed for diverse application for value addition as health food provided that the anti-nutritional factors are tackled appropriately. 

The determination of heavy metal ions are limited by two difficulties, very low concentration of heavy metal ions which may be lower than the detection limit of many traditional analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, colorimetric, and voltametry. And the interfering effects of the matrix. Calcium silicate (CS) is obtained as mentioned in the literature, This synthesized material, which have many applications in various walks of life will be under study in this research. In a new area of the most important areas of life and the environment, a water treatment and removal of some heavy ions such as Mn+2 and Fe+3 ions present in waste water and underground water were efficiently removed by (CS).

A Lamotrigine (LMG) reagent, 6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2,4-triazine-3,5-diamine. Its molecular formula and molecular weight are C9H7N5Cl2 and 256.09 respectively, was employed for the sensitive spectrophotometric determination of gold(III). The gold(III) ion forms a yellow-coloured complex with LMG in an aqueous solution at pH 3.0. The gold complex shows the absorption maximum at 400 nm, and Beer, s law obeyed in the range of 10-160 µg/ml. The molar absorptivity and sandell, s sensitivity were found to be 1.38 X 103 mol -1 cm-1 and 0.0184 µg cm-2 respectively. The complex shows 1:1 [Au(III) : LMG] stochiometry with a stability constant of 4.77X104. The interference effect of various diverse ions has been studied. In addition to zero- order, first derivative spectrophotometric methods was also developed for the determination of gold(III) in trace amount which was more sensitive than the zero-order method. The developed method has been used for the determination of gold(III) in various kinds of alloys. The results was in excellent agreement with certified values.

Study the tensile strength and hardness of poly vinyl chloride as a matrix and subsidized fiber (short fiber glass - glass fibers are woven mat - fibers, nylon-6) and attended samples fractures different size. (21% - 23% - 25% - 27% - 29% ).A comparison was made of the results of the tensile tests and hardness of materials composite as tests were conducted at room temperature . ( 23+2 c).Results from the volumetric fraction lead to increased resistance to tensile and hardness values. Results of the materials [pvc + f (w .r+N-6)] had its highest value of the tensile strength and material [pvc+ fg(w.r)], had its highest value of hardness.

[Ni(L4)2Cl2], were prepared by reacting 2,3,4-trimethoxy benzaldehyde semicarbazone ligands with NiCl2.6H2O. The IR,UV, Mass and 1H NMR spectra of the complexes have been assigned. Thermo gravimetric analysis were also carried out. The data agree quite well with the proposed structures and show that the complexes were finally decomposed to the corresponding ligands. Complexes were screened for antimicrobial activities by the disc diffusion technique using DMSO as solvent. The activity data show that the semicarbazone metal complexes are more potent antimicrobials metal complexes.