Applied Chemistry

The present investigation aims to study and characterize the dyeing performance of cotton fabrics finished with finishing bath formulation containing emulsion lattices based on acrylate monomers, chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with improvement of dyeing properties with acid and reactive dyes.The finished cotton samples are examined and evaluated through measuring nitrogen content and the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Evidences of finishing were obtained by IR from the appearance of CO bands absorbance and the reducing of relative intensity of OH, with respect to cotton. The dyeing performance of the finished cotton fabrics includedng testing of ; dye-ability(k/s), percentage dye fixation , colour parameters(L*,a*,b* and colour difference(?E) and estimated light fastness grades with respect to the different used chitosan concentration in the finishing bath formulation.The work involved also studying the effect of different dyeing times on all of the last stated parameters.The obtained results showed that dye-uptake increased by increasing chitosan concentration in the finishing bath , the applied reactive dye showed the highest percentage increase in both dye-ability and percentage dye fixation .In addition the estimated light fastness reating values of all of the examined fabrics where these rating grade values increased by increasing both chitosan concentration in the finishing agent and dyeing time .In addition , the applied acid dye recorded the highest light fastness values reaching (4-5) for(3gm) chitosan after one hour dyeing compared to a rating value of (3)for blank fabrics assessed on standard gray scale.

N- Maleilated chitosan was synthesized by reaction of chitosan with maleic anhydride (MA) in N, N-dimethyl formamide. N-Maleilated chitosan – g – (methyl methacrylate) co-polymer was prepared via free radical polymerization using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the initiator. The effect of polymerization variables including initiator concentration, monomer concentration and reaction temperature on grafting percentage were studied. It was found that the grafting yield and grafting efficiency were increased with increasing the polymerization variables and then decreased. The grafting was maximum at 1.6g of initiator (CAN), 2g of the monomer (Methyl methacrylate) at 70⁰c. The co-polymer obtained was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC analysis. This graft co-polymer was used as an adsorbent in dye effluent treatment. It was more efficient than parent chitosan. Equilibrium sorption experiments were carried out. The experimental data was successfully fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

As a result of one-pot three-component reaction of ketoaziridines with two aromatic aldehydes in presence of ammonium acetate 1,3-diazabicylo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene derivatives were achieved. These compounds exhibit good photochromic behavior in solution and crystalline phase. The photochromic behavior of compounds 4(a-e) was investigated using absorption spectral changes.

Nickel (II) mixed chelates of Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and aniline with various dithiocarbamate ligands have been characterized by metal analysis, microbial activity, solubility, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The compounds were generally insoluble in water and soluble in some solvents. The metal analysis gave values close to the expected percentage metal values confirming the coordination of the nickel metal in the complexes. The interpretation of the infrared spectra of the complexes showed that the two uninegative ligands coordinate to the metal ions in their complexes in a bidentate mode, the dithiocarbamate ligands binding through both sulphur atom and the Schiff base through the azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. The electronic spectra revealed that the nickel complexes are typical of square planar as evidenced by the presence of two d-d absorption bands. The synthesized compounds showed moderate to high antibacterial activity against the test bacteria and can be effective as antibiotics.

A new hydrazone Schiff base consisting of 7-chloro-4-(o-hydroxy benzilidenehydrazo) quinoline, with metal complexes of some divalent metal ions, Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) were investigated Conduct metrically and thermodynamically. We have used molar ratio method to determine the stoichiometric of the formed complexes, The results obtained confirmed the formation of 1:1 and 1:2, M: L complexes. In order to get information about the composition of complexes electrical conductivity were determined. The standard thermodynamic parameters viz. ?G, ?H and ?S, for the proton-ligand and the stepwise metal-ligand complexesluated. Thermodynamic functions were analyzed in terms of the electrostatic (el) and non-electrostatic (cratic, c) components. ?Hc was found to be linearly correlated with the acceptor number of the metal ion (ANM), and ?H el was linearly correlated with the ionic radii of the metal ion. The calculated values for ?Go, ?Ho and ?So concluded that the complexion process processed spontaneously. Spectrophotometric measurements of Co (II), Ni(II) complexes obeyed Beer's law up to certain values, 6.6 x 103, 8.0x103 dm3mol-1cm-1, respectively, indicating that the ligand HL could be used to detect Co(II) and Ni(II) in such concentrations. The study was performed also for Fe (III)-complexes.

The validity of equation-of-state EOS of relevant materials is very important for various researchers in the scientific fields including geophysics, material science and high-pressure physics. In the present work we have calculated pressure , isothermal bulk modulas , first pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus and second order pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus in terms of for geophysical Olivine mineral, using different equation of state. Using the values of these parameters, we have computed the values of Gruneisen parameter ( ) and the graphs are plotted between V/V0 and Gruneisen parameter corresponding to different values of V/V0 for Olivine. From graph we observe that as V/V0 , goes to infinity. Isothermal bulk modulus increases continuously with increase in pressure. Pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus KT i.e. decreases progressively with the increase in pressure and is always negative. The result analysis conclude that the Brennan-Stacey and Shanker EOS is compatible both low and high compression ranges for calculating Gruniesen parameter where as Vinet EOS is not compatible for calculating the Gruniesen parameter at low compression ranges.

Detergents includes some surfactants like LAS (linear alkyl sulphonate), TPBS (Tetra Propylene derived alkyl Benzene Sulphonate), ABS (branched chain alkyl benzene sulphonate) etc. LAS is most widely used anionic detergents and it have biodegradable capacity, while ABS like surfactants are resistant to biodegradability. The present study specially aims to study spectrophotometerically the contamination level of water of river Gomti by the presence of anionic detergents flowing from the heart of Jaunpur city. In the river Gomti direct wastes like municipal garbage, sewage as well as industrial wastes is dumped without treatment. River Gomti is continuously been contaminated by the sewage and other types of wastes. This study revealed that there is gradual increase in the level of anionic detergents as we proceed from January to December along the years of study 2009, 2010 and 2011.

The Schiff base, 3-(-1-(2-pyrimidinylimino)methyl-2-napthol with NO chromophores have been synthesised and its Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes isolated. The ligand coordinates to the metal ions in the ratio 2L: 1M, through the azomethine N and napthol O atoms, resulting in N2O2 chromophores around the central metal atom. The % metal, infrared (IR) and electronic spectral measurements are consistent with the adoption of a 4-coordinate square planar/ tetrahedral geometry for the metal complexes. The infrared spectra show lone vC=N, vM-N and vM-O bands for the metal complexes in the range 1649-1655 cm-1, 579-599 cm-1 and 410-497 cm-1 respectively, indicative of the existence of geometric isomerism, and the complexes are in the cis-isomeric forms. Further evidence of coordination is the higher melting points of the complexes in the range 237-301oC in comparison with that of the ligand at 92-94oC. The in-vitro antibacterial studies show that the Schiff base and its Zn(II) complex exhibit broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis like ciprofloxacin (30.0-50.5 mm) with inhibitory zones range of 14.0-20.0 and 12.0-17.5 mm respectively in the same assay.

Synthesis, spectroscopic (IR and electronic) and in-vitro antibacterial properties of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pd(II) complexes of the enolimines derived from condensation of p-nitroaniline and benzoyl trifluoroacetone (HL1) / theonyltrifluoroacetone (HL2) were reported. The ligands coordinated to the metal ions through the azomethine N and enol O atoms in ratio 1M: 1L, resulting in complexes of the type [ML1NO3].xH2O, [ML2(CH3COO)].xH2O and [PdL(Cl)H2O]. The IR and electronic spectral measurements were consistent with the adoption of a 4-coordinate square planar/ tetrahedral geometry for the metal complexes. The in-vitro antibacterial studies of the Schiff bases and their metal(II) complexes against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli revealed that HL1 and its metal complexes were generally more active than HL2 and its complexes. Interestingly, [Zn(L1)NO3].½H2O, [Pd(L1)Cl(H2O)] and [Ni(L2)2] had broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli with inhibitory zones range of 12.5-22.0 mm proving their potential usefulness as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.

The validity of equation-of-state (EOS) of geophysical minerals is very important for various scientific fields including geophysics, material science and high-pressure physics. In the present work we have calculated pressure , isothermal bulk modulus , first pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus and second order pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus in terms of for MgO and Al2O3, using different equation of state. Using the values of these parameters we have computed the values of Gruneisen parameter ( ) corresponding to different values of V/V0 and graphs are plotted for Gruneisen parameter ( ) vs. v/v0 for MgO and Al2O3. From these plots it is clear that the Brennan-Stacey and Shanker EOS is compatible both low and high compression ranges for calculating Gruniesen parameter where as Vinet EOS is not compatible for calculating the Gruniesen parameter at low compression ranges.