Bio Technology

Different node splitting criteria are available for the construction of classification and regression trees. Two of these criteria i.e. Gini and Twoing criterion have been implemented in CART (Salford systems, 1995), Entropy function in C4.5 (Quinlan, 1993) etc. These criteria provide similar results especially for the small number of categories but not for large. To overcome this problem, we proposed a new node splitting method for the construction of classification trees. The performance of the new method is compared with conventional methods using two real life datasets and it is observed that the new method gives better results in terms of misclassification and deviance.

Bioinformatics is a science typically associated with databases in genomics and proteomics and structure and Function information for genes and proteins, of all forms of life on earth. In the past decade there has been a ‘cyber-war’, with the introduction of a number of biological databases on genomics and proteomics. The major aim here is to introduce data mining techniques as an automated means of reducing the complexity of biological data in large bioinformatics databases and of discovering meaningful, useful patterns and relationships in data. The main purpose of data mining in the field of bioinformatics is the mining of complex data which is fast growing and can be said to be outgrowing our processing power.

Biochemical studies of the individual plant parts is a necessary prerequisite in order to evaluate their importance in the over all metabolism of the plant. In the present study various plant parts of selected 15 medicinal plants were evaluated, separately for their metabolite content. Maximum amount of total soluble sugars and lipids were present in S.emarginatus, starch in D.indica, protein in P.niruri and phenols in A.squamosa. The seeds of all the experimental plants showed more content of metabolites as compared to the other plant parts.

The marine biosphere is one of the richest habitats of microorganisms. Marine microbes particularly bacteria are considered for their secondary metabolites and enzymes with novel properties. The Marine Soil Microbial isolates were screened for potential producers of L-asparagines using a phenol red indicator and growth medium. The isolates were characterized by biochemical tests and found to belong to Bacillus sp. We performed random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis on five strain of Bacillus sp. Random primers were used for the PCR. Electrophoresis on denaturing acrylamide gels improved RAPD reproducibility and increased the band number. The primer of OPU series gave reproducible results and band profiles.

Surface soils representing a wide range of pH, EC and OC in Sundarbans were studied to determine the relationships between microbial growth efficiency and soil properties besides temperature changes. The field study shows that bacterial and fungal growth efficiency are maximum (100 %) in November and in January and minimum (9 -21 %) in April and May months respectively. Regression analysis indicates that pH, EC and OC besides temperature accounted for most of the variability in efficiency of microbial population over 85%. Multiple regression analysis predicted the growth efficiency of bio inoculates in different soil conditions in Sundarbans. Further field study shows that the application of Azotobactor increases tomato yield 2.5-20.4 % and chilli yield 2.1-16.1 % over balanced 75% NPK doses. These percentage of increases yield of tomato and chilli are highly statistical significant (r= 0.975 and r= 0.961 respectively) with bacterial growth efficiency. Increases of percentage of tomato and chilli yield on Azotobactor application based on bacterial growth efficiency depending on soil properties in Sundarbans is also predicted from regression equation. Soil and temperature requirements for microbial growth efficiency are tabulated according to Sys et al. (1993) from regression equation.

In this work the antibacterial activity of several steroid derivatives (compounds 1, 2 and 3)againstE. coli,S. Typhi,K. pneumoniae and S. aureuswas performed according to NCCLS (now CLSI)²² with some modifications. The results indicate that compounds 1, 2 and 3 induce antibacterial activity against both K. pneumoniaeand S. Typhiin a dose-dependent way.In addition, the growth bacterial of E. coliwas inhibited in presence of the compound 2 and 3. These experimental data obtained in this study, suggest that antibacterial activity of steroid derivatives against to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, V. cholerae and S. tiphy may depend of chemical structure.

The aim of this study to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter species, these are ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria widespread in nature .They live in soil and water. They utilize a wide variety of carbon and other energy sources and grow well on routine lab media. Originally known as antibiosis, antibiotics were drugs that had action against bacteria. Acinetobacter strain which was isolated from blood, pus and urine was collected from different hospital lab. It was further confirmed to be Acinetobacter using various biochemical test and observing the growth in the Mcconkey agar medium .Also it is found that ESBL strains are weak bio film producers, hence spread these organisms are restricted by bio film production. In quantitative assay by observing the OD at 600nm,the rate of bio film production was observed .This results strongly correlates with qualitative assay .Finally the ESBL strain was subjected to plasmid isolated ,separated using Agarose Gel and the gel was documented .The molecular weight was recorded to be 14000 kb by comparing with the marker protein.

World population growth and increasing needs to various industries have led to the accumulation of a wide variety of contaminants in the environment and natural resources. Synthetic dyes have been widely used in many industries. The contamination of receiving water bodies by heavy metals constitutes a major environmental concern as these contaminants are extremely toxic, recalcitrant, and exhibit a tendency to bioaccumulate. Although heavy metals can be removed from industrial wastewater by a range of physicochemical treatment technologies such as precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, electrochemical processes, and membrane processes; however, regulatory standards are not always sufficient. As an alternative, biological treatments are a relatively inexpensive way to remove dyes from wastewater. These methods have the advantage over such as low operating cost, minimization of the concentration of pollutant and high efficiency in detoxifying very dilute effluents. In this paper, two types of bacteria were tested in the removal of crystal violet dye from textile effluent. Complete physico-chemical characterizations of the effluent have been measured. Bio-Log identification indicated that the two bacterial isolates are Bacillus Pumilus and Micrococcus lylae. Removal efficiency was 89.47 % and 88.4% respectively. Complete characterizations of such type of bacteria have been tested.

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of plantain peel (PPL) after its biodegradation with Aspergillus niger and also to determine the effect of degraded PPL on the performance, nutrient digestibility, weights of internal organs , haematological and serum parameters of broiler finishers. A total of 165 unsexed broiler finishers were used. The design was Completely Randomized. Aspergillus niger was used for the biodegradation of PPL. There were five dietary treatments of 33 birds each. There were 0 % inclusion level of PPL, 7% inclusion level of undegraded PPL (UPPL) and 3,5 and 7% inclusion levels of degraded PPL (DPPL).Weight gained was significantly (P<0.05) higher with the birds fed degraded PPL. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) highest in birds placed on 7% UPPL (3.38). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre. Crop, gizzard and abdominal fat were significantly (P<0.05) affected. The values of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Total Protein, Cholesterol and Glucose were significantly (P<0.05) different in Haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Fungal biodegradation of PPL using A.niger has the potential of enhancing feed intake, nutrient digestibility and the body weight gain of broiler.

This research was aimed at bio-ethanol production by fungi capable of producing cellulases and to convert pre-treated lingo-cellulosic material to fermentable sugars. The lingo-cellulosic material such as sugarcane bagasses, sugarcane leaves, rice husk or wheat bran were used as substrates. Fungi were isolated from soil samples collected from various regions. The pure cultures were screened for the ability to degrade cellulose. The fungi capable of cellulose production were identified as Trichoderma sp based on colony characters, microscopic observation and identification. The substrates were powdered and pretreated with fungal isolates using Mandels’ and Reese media. The substrates were used as a carbon source. Then optimization studies were carried out by using five bio-mass substrates at different pH, temperature and incubation period. Analysis was done by using Gas Chromatography. Sugarcane bagasses, Juice waste, Rice husk, Wheat bran, and Dry leaves were treated with Trichoderma isolates. Sugarcane bagasse and juice waste have shown highest concentrat ion of reducing sugars of 45.95 mg/g and 40.56 mg/g respectively and ethanol yield of 51.15 % and 46.5 % respectively. Dry leaves, Wheat bran and Rice husk have shown less reducing sugars of 33.32 mg/g, 30.32 mg/g, and 29.45 mg/g and ethanol yield 11.1 %, 7.15 %, and 6 % respectively as compared with sugarcane bagasse and juice waste.