Bio Technology

The quality management in the health sector is a key issue ; he advocates a participatory approach. The latter is based on e highlighting of art features and complexity of health facilities and their management. A Benchmarking study has been conducted with the objective of highlighting quality measurement instruments for the evaluation of professional practices, as well as the value of certification and the cost of non-quality. 

Technical efficiency is a prerequisite for allocative or economic efficiency. Economic efficiency is achieved if the highest possible level of satisfaction is obtained from given resources. The level of technical efficiency of a particular firm is characterised by the relationship between observed production and some ideal or potential production. The moringa plant (Moringa oleifera) is known worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal benefits and industrial uses. Almost every part of the moringa plant has nutritional value. Specifically, the study estimated the profitability of moringa production in the study area, the productivity of the factors involved in moringa production as well as the technical efficiency (TE) of moringa production in the state. The area covered by this study is Isokan Local Government Area of Osun state from which six villages were randomly selected. The town and villages are Olugbin, Aiyepe, Faaru, Alapomu, Sunkade, Maun Kongo. The descriptive analysis and stochastic frontier analysis were used. Farmers can increase their efficiency level if they can source their inputs and information needed in farming directly from Osun State Agricultural Development project and if an entrepreneurial class of people are also well motivated and trained to employ an appropriate inputs use combination pattern in order to achieve the highest possible level of production from given resources which will lead to high level of efficiency.

In this study, Piper longum (long pepper), Piper nigram (black pepper) and Zingiber officinale (dried zinger) were incorporated with artificial feeds formulated to understand their effects on survival, growth, activities of digestive enzymes and biochemical constituents in Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL). These herbs were independently incorporated with basal ingredients at a concentration of 5% each, and fed to M. rosenbergii PL (1.56±0.08 cm; 0.074± 0.02 g) for a period of 60 days under laboratory condition with triplicates. A significant improvement (P<0.05) in survival and growth performance (weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio), elevation in activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase), increased concentrations of total protein, non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamins C and E), and mineral salts (sodium and potassium) were recorded in P. longum incorporated feed fed PL followed by P. nigram and Z. officinale when compared with control. Polypeptide bands of molecular weight between 116-14 kDa were resolved in the muscle of PL fed with control as well as herbs incorporated feeds. Generally, there were eleven Coomassie blue stained protein bands (116, 58, 51, 45, 38, 33, 25, 18, 17, 16 and 14kDa) were calculated in herbal incorporated test samples. The general comparison between control and experimental groups revealed that there was more number of bands resolved in herbals incorporated feeds fed PL. Therefore, it is suggested that these medicinal herbs have their own influence in protein synthesis. In this study, the overall results indicated the fact that these herbs have acted as appetizers and hence, enhanced the secretion of digestive enzymes, which facilitated efficient digestion, absorption of nutrients and favoured for general health, which in turn ultimately produced better survival and growth of M. rosenbergii PL. Therefore, these herbs can be taken as feed additives in sustainable development of freshwater prawn culture.

This research was conducted to evaluation of plant remains effects and different doses of nitrogen on the yield and some yield components of sesame. Design of this experiment was Split plot in a randomized complete block with three replications. The main plot included plant remains of wheat and subplot included four levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 kg per ha).According to the results, plant remains improved seed yield of sesame and 256 g/m2 was obtained by plant remains treatment. Some features of sesame increased with increasing levels of nitrogen so that the 90 kg per hectare of fertilizer showed highest yield (339 g/m2) of sesame. Thus the applications of 90 kg nitrogen and plant remains (malch) are recommended to achieve maximum yield of sesame in Mohr region.

Lead is poisonous heavy metal which is widely used is industries because of its properties. Lead poisoning is one of the rising problems caused by industrialization. Lead can cause neurological disease, gastrointestinal diseases, and infertility in men and even death in high exposure. Lead and lead compounds are widely used in inks paints and other surface coating agents as colouring agents and adhesive agents. In India use of lead and lead compounds in ink, paint and other surface coating agents are regulated by Bureau of Indian Standards. Permissible level of lead in ink is 1000 ppm (0.1%) according to BIS and 600ppm (0.06%) according to US regulations. In this study widely used offset printing inks of 6 manufactures are collected and analysed for lead content (4 colours of each company, CMYK). It was found that international companies have much lower amount of lead compare to Indian manufacturers. Indian companies have very high level of lead in it and they did not meet the specification given by BIS. As extension of study BLL of printing press workers were examined, it was found that workers who handle these Indian company inks have very high level of lead compare to workers who handle international company inks.

The quantification of primary metabolites and antimicrobial activities of medicinal plant Butea monosperma (Lam.) kuntze against clinical isolates was evaluated. The present study was aimed to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the chloroform and ethanolic extract of leaf, flower, root and seed of the Butea monosperma (Lam.) kuntze. Antimicrobial activity was determined by using agar well diffusion method. Ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers possessed highest antibacterial activity against E.coli and highest antifungal activity against Trichoderma ressi and Fusarium oxysporum. Chloroform extracts of seeds have the highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and highest antifungal activity was observed in chloroform extracts against Fusarium oxysporum . The present results showed potential of this medicinal plant which can be used as herbal drug as therapeutic ventures in future aspects.

Application of biological mechanisms or employment of microorganisms is in practise for many years in the treatment of sewage. In the present study selected microorganisms (Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., and Candida sp., were employed to treat the sewage of a local hospital. This sewage is found to contain considerable quantity of alcohol and phenol. The efficiency of the above cultures either separately or in different combinations was studied. The original levels of BOD (285 mg O2/l) and COD (680 mg O2/l) of the sewage were reduced to 16.4 O2/l and 260 O2/l respectively in 72 h when sterile sewage was incorporated with Pseudomonas sp. at a level of 26 X 10 5 CFU/ml. The corresponding BOD and COD in the control was 79 mg O2/l and 655 mg O2/l. The Candida sp., at an incorporation level of 35 X 105 CFU/ml reduced the BOD and COD of the sewage to 18.3 mg O2/l and 240 mg O2/l respectively. E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., at an incorporation level of 28 X 10 5, 27 X 10 5 CFU/ml reduced BOD to 23.6, 19.9, 26.5 mg O2/l respectively. From the original value of 160 mg/l, nitrate reduced to 8.9, 46.8, 4.3, 49.2 and 6.8 mg/l respectively when Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., and Candida sp., were incorporated separately in the sewage. The value in control was 135 mg/l mg/l at 72 /h of incubation. The phosphate was reduced to 4.7, 3.9, 2.8, 5.3 and 2.9 mg/l respectively. The value in the control was 10.8 mg/l. The above said cultures (Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., and Candida sp.,) were mixed at a ratio of 26:23:28:27:35 and incorporated in the sewage at a mixed population of 120 X 10 5 CFU/ml which reduced the BOD to 14.2 mg O2/l and COD to 138 mg O2/l in 48 h of incorporation. Thus it was found that the efficiency of mixed cultures found to be higher than the individual cultures.

Methane is a potential greenhouse gas emitted from natural sources like wetlands, enteric fermentation in livestocks and human activities like landfills, coal mining, wastewater treatment plants and manure management to mention a few. Methanogens are obligate anaerobes present in diverse anoxic environment, forms an exclusive component of gut ruminants and have been found to have health implications in animals and recently reported in human hind gut and possible role in pathogenesis. The practical problem faced with the research in methanogens is the difficulties in isolation and detection of the organisms in the environmental samples and the in this regard antibodies may pave way for novel applications, Generation of antibodies from egg yolk have already been demonstrated to be more beneficial than other sources. Egg yolk antibodies can be generated by injecting whole cell suspensions of methanogen strains into the veins of white leg horn chickens followed by harvesting of egg yolk antibodies, their characterization, evaluating the IgY antibodies affinity to whole cell suspension and purified antigen, further optimization of antigen antibodies reaction and development of DOT-ELISA for detection of methanogens. It is already reported that the feeding of ruminants with anti-methanogens antibodies can reduce the load of methanogens in the gut of cattle that may lead to reduction in global methane emission

As per the results from the phylogenetic tree and BLAST analysis of the sequence data the isolated sp. identified as Galactomyces sp. of yeast. Isolated yeast sp. produced high levels of intracellular ?-glucanase after incubation for 36 h at pH 7.0, temperature 27 °C in the presence of 8 % glucose. The optimum pH and temperature observed for the enzyme activity were 5.0 and 50ºC respectively. Addition of metal ion salts like MnCl_2, COCl₂ CaCl₂ cause activation of enzyme. Yeast cell cultures grown with nitrogen sources like NaNo₃ and yeast extract enhance ?-glucanse activity.

The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of salinity on the growth of some previously known petroleum biodegrading Bacillus sp. under laboratory condition where petroleum hydrocarbons are the sole source of carbon.Bushnell-Hass (BH)mineral salt media consisting of different NaCl concentrations (0.0 to 0.4 mole/liter or ML^-1) were prepared and supplemented with 2% kerosene/diesel/engine. The media were then inoculated with the bacteria namely Bacillus pasteurii, B. badius, B. cirroflagellosus, B. circulans and B. brevisindividually. After 7 days of incubation, bacterial growth was determined by measuring the optical density (OD) of the media at 620 nm. We found that salinity has a great impact on the growth of the bacteria under investigation. A NaCl concentration ranging from 0.05 to 0.3 ML^-1was found to have a positive impact on the growth all 5 Bacillus sp.NaCl concentrations below and above the said range were found to be growth limiting.Interestingly our findings indicate that the maximum growth of a bacterium depends not only on the optimum salinity level but also on the type of petroleum hydrocarbons provided.The findings of this study are important for understanding the impact of salinity on the biodegradation process of petroleum hydrocarbons and to develop optimized application approaches to sweep such pollutants from contaminated sites.