Literature

The main issue to recognize the true Hadis is to refer Quran in the criticism of Hadis. It is approved as a touchstone among the God’s messenger’s relatives as the first and the most important one in the interpretations at Al Forghan in the section of narration. The author tries to produce the Quran examples while there are some produce the Quran examples while there are some differences among the interpretations, this study tries to interpret at the differences.

With the emergence of Islam faith throughout the Arabia Peninsula, the Arabian poetry entered a new era. The poets who eulogized Arab tribes’ ideals at the Pre-Islamic Ignorance Age, at the dawn of Islam changed their direction to spirituality or the adoration of God’s saints, especially the Prophet of Islam. The poets who exalted and revered the Prophet and his superior qualities in their poetry were generally devoted to the Islamic faith and exalted the Prophet genuinely and from the bottom of their heart. Some of these poets include HissanIbnThabit Ansari, AbdallhIbnRavaheh, KaebIbn Malik and KaebIbnZahir which their poetry has been recorded in the history. In their poetry on the Prophet, such poets defended the Prophet’s faith and supreme intentions and mostly eulogized His proper attributes such as generosity, affability, patience, forgiveness, honesty and sanctity, divine mission and prophecy, etc. and they utilized illuminating verses of the Holy Qur’an in their poetry and founded the basis of their artistic work on the commendation of the Prophet so as to achieve their own perfection.

According to Freud the Oedipus Complex, manifests itself in the child around the age of five. It derives from the boy’s unconscious rivalry with the father for the love of his mother. Freud referred to the whole complex of feelings by the word "oedipal," naming the complex after the Greek tragic hero Oedipus, who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. Fixation, according to Freud, is a source of disharmony of development when childish forms of libido persist. If there is frustration in the gratification of these forms of libido representing the vital needs in childhood, the individual’s development may be arrested or fixated and abnormalities may appear in the adult personality. These theories have gradually opened up a new awareness to understand and interpret certain plays of Eugene O’Neill. This paper intends to show how O’Neill presents the powerful motive of Oedipus and Electra complex, the incestuous relationship and fixation among characters in Desire Under the Elms, Strange Interlude, Dynamo, Mourning Becomes Electra.

Partition, one of the most glaring phenomena in the history of the Indian subcontinent that led to the loss of lives and homes is the concern of many sensitive writers. The Paper attempts to analyze and compare the works of two such writers who were participant, sufferers and delineators of this event. Though written in two different languages, both these novels explore the difference made by partition in the lives of innumerable people who got uprooted or killed in the riots where law and administration failed miserably. The writers describe event from their own vantage point which help us in understanding this ghastly happening even better.

The situation that is obtainable in South Africa judging from the historical and socio-political perspective is one in which the black majority lived under the oppressive apartheid regime designed, manipulated and controlled by the white minority. Racial discrimination, an inherent effect of the apartheid policy of the white minority has reduced the blacks to a state of the underprivileged in their fatherland. Racial discrimination in this respect means the state of feeling estranged or separated from one's environment, culturally, socially, economically, politically and otherwise. Its effects on the sociological well being of the individual cannot be overemphasized. The dramatic works of Athol Fugard, a South Africa playwright, have had close sympathy for the situation of the life of blacks in South Africa. The major literary themes of his plays include racial segregation, oppression, deprivation and subjugation. These and the inherent effects of the apartheid laws on the oppressed in South Africa are the main focus in Athol Fugard's play: Sizwe Bansi is Dead are used as a case study in this submission.

The aim of this paper is to bring the National and Spiritual identities, which are portrayed in the novel “Kanthapura” (1938) by Raja Rao. He focuses on two individual leaders and their beliefs, the actual and the mythicized figure of Gandhi, and his transmutation into Moorthy, the saintly hero of the novel. Yet interestingly he never has an actual meeting with Gandhi. He has only seen him in a ‘vision’ addressing a public meeting with him pushing his way through the crowd and joining the band of volunteers and receiving inspiration by a touch of Gandhi’s hand. The influence of Mahatma Gandhi’s practical philosophy and the social and the political aspects of his working programme are immense on the novel.

The Twentieth century has brought forth the realisation of the need to emancipate, develop and grow oneself in every area of human life. Women too have not lagged behind in this. Novelists like Shashi Deshpande and Kundanika Kapadiya have captured this dream of woman to break the shackles of tradition, custom and patriarchy and stretch the horizons to fly in the limitless skies.

Language is no longer regarded as peripheral to the grasp of the world we live in, but as central to it. Words are not mere vocal labels or communicational adjuncts superimposed upon an already given order of things. This paper will analyze the language death and the revitalization process with emphasis on the collective products of social interaction, essential instruments through which human beings constitute and articulate their world. Linguistic ideas are still considered important, but have suffered considerably subsequently under rhetorical developments aimed at showing how linguistics had changed or was changing with the times. A language is often declared to be dead even before the last native speaker of the language has died. If there are only a few speakers of a language remaining, and they no longer use that language for communication, then the language is effectively dead. A language that has reached such a reduced stage of use is generally considered moribund. Language death may manifest itself when language change begins in a low-level environment such as the home or a high-level environment such as the government, The most common process leading to language death is one in which a community of speakers of one language becomes bilingual in another language, and gradually shifts allegiance to the second language until they cease to use their original language. language revitalization is often to recover the spoken use of the language. Although the goals of language revitalization vary by community and situation, a goal of many communities is to return a language that is extinct or endangered to daily use. The process of language revitalization is the reverse of language death.

Dissent is a way of life for a few. Mahasweta Devi, a daring and tireless political activist, academician, journalist and creative writer, is one among those few who register their dissent at every given opportunity. She is widely acknowledged as one of India's foremost literary personalities. A prolific creative writer, she has to her credit over a hundred books including novels, plays, collections of stories, children's books and journalistic literature. Most of her works have been originally written in Bengali and translated into English and a number of other languages. The stark realities and systemic injustice around her paved way to become a writer – activist. Her involvement in the People’s Theatre movement of Bengal, the wake of Naxalite movement of the 1950’s and the first hand experience of the life and struggles of tribals in Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh shaped her life and career. Major part of her journalistic writings describe the “police atrocities, failures in the implementation of government programmes, exploitation of sharecroppers and miners, unemployment and landlessness, environmental degradation, and the need to protect and foster tribal languages and identity” opines Resil B. Mojares in a vehement tone. Even in her late eighties, Mahasweta Devi travels extensively and collect first hand knowledge about the people she writes about. The unique features that distinguish Mahasweta Devi mainly from the rest of the authors are her strong convictions and concerns over the ordinary people, who wage their battles in extremely ordinary circumstances. She wants her work to be read as a plea for the insertion of tribals into the Indian mainstream from which they have been hitherto excluded. Mahasweta Devi thinks that there are innumerable social evils that constrain tribal development in India and her works lend themselves to readings within sociological critical framework. Among her contemporary Indian writers, Devi occupies a unique position through her exceptional perspectives on social and political life apart from the commitment to the poor, downtrodden and the de-notified tribals. More than any other writer either in Indian languages or in Indian English, she is able to mix her political and social convictions and activism with writing. Her writings not only give voice to India’s marginalized tribal people but also stress the abject subordination of women in Indian society. Her most memorable characters are often women - Draupadi, Doulati, Mary, Jashoda, Sanichari etc. These women are oppressed and marginalized by society in many ways. Yet their spirit of resistance and resilience transform these ordinary women extra ordinary. Scholars see her powerful tales of exploitation and struggle as extremely rich sites of feminist discourse. India is a country where activist writing is a recent phenomenon. Devi’s activism distinguishes her from her contemporaries from across the country. Through translation her works are widely read and winning readers across the world. While most writers are keeping themselves away from the everyday struggles of the common people and concentrate on the imaginary worlds where romance, glamour and existential dilemma rules the roost, Mahasweta Devi’s works are a slice of our society. “The Breast- Giver” is a part of a trilogy entitled Breast Stories by Mahasweta Devi translated into English by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. It is the story of a female subaltern, a housemaid from post-colonial India who is subjected to exploitation, sexual harassment and oppression from patriarchy and male-dominated society. She finally succumbs to death in the most painful way, leading the readers to compare her with the dying Mother Earth. This paper attempts to explore how Mahasweta Devi's protagonist Jashoda in the short story " Breast–Giver” identifies herself with the Mother Earth and finds solace in the lap of nature.

This paper discusses the processes that English loanwords into EkeGusii undergo in the process of being accommodated into the EkeGusii phonological system. The data used in the paper is from native speakers of EkeGusii and Optimality Theory (here after OT) is used in the analysis of the data. This paper is different from most papers of the kind in that it uses a constraint based theoretic framework unlike others which either do not use any theoretical framework (Mberia, 2004 among others) or use rule based theories when they do (Zivenge 2009 among others). The paper focuses on two phonological processes: re-syllabification, i.e. syllabic change and phoneme change. For example, the paper discusses whether EkeGusii Phonology maintains the CV syllable structure when nativizing English loanwords with consonant clusters CnV (where n = 2, 3 or 4 consonants), given that EkeGusii language does not allow consonant clusters. For instance the English word ‘tractor’ - /tr?.kt?/ is realized as ekeragita [e.ke.ra.?i.ta], with a V.CV.CV.CV.CV syllable form. Thus for the English word ‘tractor’ to be accepted into the phonological system of EkeGusii, it has to undergo syllable re-adjustment. Notice that in the English form, the word has two syllables which are CCV.CCV, while in EkeGusii they are five, the first one being V. while the rest are CV.CV.CV.CV. Other adjustments include: vowel epenthesis to break the consonant clusters /tr/ and /kt/.