Literature

In the world, different rulers have adopted various ways in carrying out their political functions. The society sees its leaders as pace setters, but it is unfortunate that some of these leaders do not know that they are the role models to the younger generations. Instead of doing the right thing, they rule corruptly thereby sending wrong signals to those who care to be swayed by their political dance. The major aim of a leader should be to carry her citizens along 'thereby avoiding the use of force and eradicating corruption in its system of government. Hence the world needs leaders who are true to their calling in all sincerity thereby promoting a peaceful and corrupt free society.

This article presents some tools of discourse analysis through twenty spoken medical texts, ten in English and ten in Persian. The main objective of this article is to explain and exemplify different concepts regarding the field of discourse analysis in order to study these spoken texts in two languages to find the points of difference between them. First twenty spoken medical texts were recorded and transcribed. About one hundred sentences in each language that contained these features were chosen Then they were compared from the perspectives of fourteen features, including turn-taking, different types of interruptions, back-channel support, filled pauses, spoken discourse markers, intonation, repetition and false starts. The transcriptions were analyzed for the points of difference in each language and it was found that English speakers use more turn taking, silent interruption, filled pauses and intonation markers in their speech. Persian speakers are more active in using spoken discourse markers, .repetition, back channel support and false start. Chi-square was used to see whether these differences are significant and meaningful or not. It was estimated through chi-square that there was a significant difference between the two groups in turn taking, silent interruption, back- channel support, filled pauses, Falling-rising intonation, Rising intonation, Level intonation, and repetition and false starts in the way that English speakers are more inclined in using these features than Persian ones.

The Trans-Atlantic slavery is a well documented human trafficking enterprise which gained international notoriety for the inhuman way in which it was conducted. The fact that such an infamy was allowed to thrive for centuries under the watchful eye and with the connivance of the most civilized nations in the world calls for continual investigation. This paper considers slavery as a literary enterprise. It explores the cognitive framework that made the capture, trafficking and the exploitation of Africans intelligible in the world where religious and humanist principles reigned. Fiction and nonfictional works of slavery depict various ways by which slaves were oppressed. This paper, which is an analysis of Toni Morrison’s Beloved, intends to portray the fact that the perception of black people as subhuman creatures was the main reason for their inhumane treatment. From the analysis, it is shown that the slaveholders instituted slave management techniques which were primarily aimed at implanting slave mentalities among the black people. The main motivation for the psychological enslavement of the blacks was the perception that Africans, by virtue of their race, were natural slaves and should be induced to accept that status. The analysis is informed mainly by social dominance theory and to a little extent classical conditioning psychological learning theory.

Post colonial literature in India has close connection with subalternity and ecofeminist questions. Memory novels help us in revisiting the past which will yield positive results. Colonization has witnessed cultural transgression and this has ultimately brought about losses, culminating in the question of identity. Arundhathi Roy and Kiran Desai are Booker prize winning female fictionists who have tried to map the post coloniality that exists in our country. They track all traces of despair in the society and reach the conclusion that it is a big mistake to infer that the subaltern cannot speak.

Human beings use language both to communicate with others and to monitor their internal thoughts. Harley (2001) mentions that "in some form or another, language so dominates our social and cognitive activity that it would be difficult to imagine what life would be without it". The complexity of language has led to a wide range of methods to study such a kind of phenomenon. The study of relationship between language and thought has often been examined using cross-cultural studies of languages. Language affects much of our lives and covers a wide variety of topic areas, such as speech, writing, reading, etc. Language seems to have some effects on our perception of others. There are also great differences in the use of any one language within a culture, and the way we speak reflects our cultural and social backgrounds. The social and cultural aspects of language include social class, ethnic background and gender. The role of gender on the way how people think and behave is the main focus of the present study which will be discussed in detail.

The present study set out to explore the effect of an instructional strategies; i.e. explicit web based teaching on developing Iranian upper-intermediate level learners’ pragmatic knowledge of the speech act of thanking. To fulfill this objective, 60 freshmen undergraduate students of Tonekabon Islamic Azad university were selected based on an OPT test. Participants in the study were randomly divided into two groups of explicit and implicit instruction. A newly developed DCT was administered to test both groups' pragmatic knowledge of speech act of thanking. the reliability was obtained through the K-R21 reliability formula. Then the treatment started. The explicit group practice learning speech act of thanking through www.iles.umn.edu/introspeechacts website, and the implicit group start learning it through videos and other authentic materials. Another researcher made DCT was given to explore any probable improvements on their pragmatic knowledge. T- test was used to see whether there was a significant difference between two groups regarding these two strategies. The results proved superiority of the explicit web-based teaching over the implicit teaching .

“Intertextuality” means “the relationship between texts with its previous or contemporary texts”. The theory was artily presented by “Julia Kristeva” in the early 60s of 20th century which is welcomed by many writers and poets. Poets of intifada are such poets who arise for this important thing with expressing the excellent human goals and to present the oppression of the Palestinian people.this new skill has been used in the peoms of Intifada variously. Fadva Touqan is one of the peots who used this skill in his poems .this article is going to study some samples of various types of intertexuality in Fadva Touqan’s peopms then to (explain) his poems and religious point of veiw through the intertexual function.

The notion of idiosyncrasy evolves around an author’s style of expressing concepts and ideas. Scrutinizing the idiosyncratic thoughts and concepts is indeed a significant consideration of analysing a work of art and literature. Every writer shows his or her uniqueness through the style he or she adapts while using a particular language which is common to many writers. Authors strive to imprint their identity through this style. For this, they try to exploit the common properties of the language and reshape it to suit their purpose. Golding’s Lord of the Flies is a novel (fable) where a variety of linguistic features are deployed in a significant way to suit the purpose of the text. It bears witness to the varied styles of Golding’s idiosyncrasy.

Arundhati Roy’s feminism is a trend setter for the new generation of feministic writers of India. Without losing the gentleness of a female she gives a strong call for the awakening of not only women but in general the entire human kind from its long sleep of ignorance. She dreams of a fragrant world full of beautiful flowers, where the polluted air of hatred and violence would have no entry. Indian women are studied in depth along with the plight of untouchables, lower class people, and racial subaltern’s vis-à-vis global, capitalism and neo-imperialism masquerading as globalization.

This study is an attempt to investigate a comparative analysis using Natural Semantic Metalanguage. The refusal patterns of speech acts was contrasted in English and Persian fairy tales to see if it could provide evidence of applicable efficacy of NSM model which is claimed to be universal. The descriptive technique was the cultural scripts approach, using semantic primes proposed in the NSM theory. The cultural scripts were presented in both English and Persian Metalanguages. The data were collected from some English and Persian fairy tales. The results showed the applicability of NSM model for cross-cultural comparisons. Then, the paper concludes with the pedagogical implications of the development of the theory of cultural scripts for teaching L2 socio-pragmatics in communicative interaction routines.