Archives-October 2016

This study was investigated the factors influencing Somali women in political participation in Mogadishu, Somalia. The main objectives of the study was to determine the influence of culture on women?s political participation in Mogadishu, Somalia, to find out the influence of economic resources on women?s political participation in Mogadishu, Somali, to determine the influence of religious beliefs on women?s political participation in Mogadishu, Somali. To achieve the objective of the study, case study was employed as research design, the target population of this study was Somalia women those involve political activities; therefore, the total target population of this study was stand 147. This study concern Somali women on political participation in Mogadishu, Somalia. The sample size of the study was 129. The sampling procedure of this study was non-probability sampling procedure particularly purposive sampling to select the respondents based on these criteria. The questionnaire was used for collecting data. The frequency and percentage distribution was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The mean and standard deviations was applied for the levels of Somali Women and small Political participation. The main finding of the study was that the cultural factors are the main causes of stereotypes influencing women?s political participation. Also finding revealed that economic resources are obstacles that influencing women?s political participation. Finally the study revealed that religious misperception hold women back to participation political activities. The study recommended government and the judiciary should ensure the enactment of family law and enforcing any other law intended for women?s political participation and emancipation.

Over two decades, Somalia has been intense fighting, population displacement, food insecurity, humanitarian crisis and generalized lack of centralized governance structures. Somalia has been lacking a functioning state since the overthrow of the military government. However, personal interests, power and economic ambitions of warlords caused the rebel factions to fail in the formation of inclusive government to settle the country from what was perceived by them as social, economic and political injustices committed by the military regime. Somalia civil war went through different phases and caused the death of hundreds of thousands of Somalis in different ways, while many others left the country to get peace and life in other countries. Throughout the lawlessness of the country, warlords and clan militias fought for the control of power and resources. That situation affects peaceful, co-existence and the attainment of sustainable development goals of the people and country at large. Political instability mainly resulted of the inability of government to perform and the weakness of national institutions and competency of rule of law in the country. The general objective of this study was to assess the factors influencing the political stability in Somalia by measuring strategic leadership, corruption and government policies. The researcher used descriptive statistics research design both in qualitative and quantitative. The target population of this study were the members of Parliaments and Cabinet of the Federal Government of Somalia and selected 80 people as sample size using Slovene?s formula. Data was collected through questionnaire and finally processed and analyzed the result using computer SPSS. During the study found that the examined factors have a significant influence on political stability. It was obtained that strategic leadership and government policies have a positive significant influence on political stability while corruption has negative significant influence on political stability. Interpretation is to mean that the above variables are very important to overall the political stability issues in Somalia. The study by (Kew 2006), (Harriman, 2006), (Adejumobi, 2004) and (Adejimi, 2005) is partially supports by the findings of this study. Also indicates that strategic leadership and government policies are the most effective and enhanced factors of political stability of Somalia and but corruption influences negatively with stability which causes instability. This researcher recommends on two issues; corruption and leadership which meant to address policy makers those willing to make a positive change in attainment political stability.

Somalia has undergone a prolonged period of conflict and insecurity over the last 30 years, with intense fighting, population displacement, food insecurity, lack of centralized governance structures. The political situation in Somalia has been uncertain since civil war began and the state collapsed. The lack of an effective central government has been one of the causes of worsening infrastructure, decline in basic health and social services, violation of human rights and one of the worst socioeconomic situations in the country. Two decades of conflict combined with natural disasters have rendered 40 percent of the population in critical need of help for International Aid with lack of government coordination and national development policy have hindered development of Somalia. After civil war began Somalia has failed to restore peace and stability as well as establishing effective governance system to develop social infrastructure. The general objective of the study was to examine the governance factors affecting social economic development in Mogadishu by measuring political stability, leadership and ethics. The study was used descriptive statistics research design both in qualitative and quantitative. The target populations of this study were the staff of Ministry of Trade of the Federal Government of Somalia and selected 100 people as a sample size using Slovene?s formula. Data was collected through questionnaire and finally processed and analyzed using computer SPSS. Study the displayed findings that political stability, Leadership style and ethics and their relationships with Social Economic Development. The results of the analyzed provided “poor” as the existence of these variables as most respondents responded that represented low quality. The study recommended two issues; leadership and ethical Behavior. These are meant to address policy makers those willing to make a positive change in attainment Social Economic Development.

A flood is a natural event that can have far reaching effects on people and the environment. Put simply, a flood is too much water in the ?wrong‘ place. This study was examined the Effect of Flood Management on economic Growth of Somalia. The specific objective of the project was; first to examine, the effect of flood management for competence, strategies and policies on economic growth. The study took from May 2015 to June 2016. The target population of this study was 120 Farmers in Jowhar district, who have been affected by floods. The populations was chosen as they affected floods since 2013 and involved in Farmers, drivers, channel irrigation managers and local authority. The research instrument was survey questionnaires which were used to collect primary data. Questionnaires were used since the study is concerned with variables that cannot be directly observed. The sample size was significantly large (92) used by Slovings formula in a given time constraints, questionnaires is an ideal tool for collecting data The study use both qualitative and quantitative models to analyze data. Quantitative data was coded and entered into Statistical Package for social Scientist (SPSS Version 20.0) and analyzed using descriptive and explanatory statistics. Qualitative data was also analyzed on content matter of the responses and findings and recommendations presented. The correlation between Flood management competence indicated that a positive relationship existed between them This suggests that flood management competence was an important aspect in improving economic growth. The correlation analysis results in also indicate that Flood management strategies had a significant influence on economic growth The Karl Pearson‘s product moment coefficient of correlation suggests a strong relationship existed between the two variables. There was positive and significant effect of Flood management strategies on economic growth. There was also a positive and significant effect of Flood management on economic growth finally, there was need to determine whether there existed a significant relationship between authoritarian leadership and employee performance in Export Processing Zones in Kenya. The correlation analysis shows that a positive relationship exists therefore, it can be concluded that all the variables were significant to the study problem although the degrees of influence varied.

The general aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exchange rate on financial performance of small and middle-sized companies in Mogadishu.Specifically, this study investigated the effects of Balance of payments, the effect of foreign direct investment, the degree of Inflation and the effect of Taxation. The related theories of exchange rate are Purchasing power Theory, Interest Rate Theory and Product Cycle Theory. This study was conducted through a descriptive study. In addition the study employed a survey research design in data collection. The sampling procedure of this study used non-probability sampling procedure particularly purposive sampling or judgmental sampling, this research employed quantitative data collection method whereby data was gathered by the use of closed ended questionnaires which are self-administered. The data collected was analyzed using the software called Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and results shown in terms of frequency distribution and percentages, the target population of the study is 160 employees of some merchandising companies in Mogadishu. A sample of 48 respondents was selected using Mugenda and Mugenda?s formula. The study used primary data. Data collection methods used included use of questionnaires. The selection sample technique was purposive or judgmental approach. A regression model was applied to determine the relationship between Balance of payments, foreign direct investment, inflation and Taxation as the independent variables and financial performance for small and medium sized enterprises as the dependent variable. The key findings of this study were: Most of the respondents agreed that International trade has a direct effect on the financial performance of the company. Most of the respondents also agreed to the fact that Company owners think they can create high profit for the company if they gain investment income. Company managers are always responsible when companies fail to implement financial transactions. The researchers recommended that: Somali merchants should try to increase domestic productions so as to add value to their money. The researcher?s second recommendation is that Somali government should control all import-export activities and try to increase exportations rather than importation Also top management of small and medium sized enterprises should motivate their employees to increase the performance.

University graduates stand at the dawn of their careers, seeking meaningful employment in a labour market that is characterized by volatile change and globalization. This new world of work requires flexibility, versatility, and creativity skills not traditionally required of an employee. Graduates today are required to develop a skills-set that enables pro-active career behavior and, furthermore, aid the employer to utilize such abilities as business solutions. Outstanding academic achievements and development of graduate?s skills generally determines graduates employability. This project examined factors affecting graduates employability in Somalia; case study of Mogadishu and SIMAD universities. The specific objective of the project is first to examine how quality of high education affects graduate employability in Somalia; second to determine how education policy affects graduate employability in Somalia and finally, to establish how learning environment affects graduates employability in Somalia. The study also used human development, quality and performance theories to analyze graduate employability factors. The study sets out methodology on various stages that researcher followed in completing the study. The researcher identified the procedures, population of 300 and the sample size of 60 and techniques which is 20 percent of the target population (Mugenda Mugenda ) approach (Theuri, 2014). The researcher developed self administered survey questioners and distributed 60 and only 48 of them returned which 80% of the sample. Analysis of data employed by percentages and frequencies to analyze the results of questionnaire using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 and the result will be presented in the form of summaries, such as statistical tables and charts with clear discussions and illustrations. It involves a blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. The study idea started on May 2015 and completed June 2016 with delays. The study found that quality of high education has highly positive effects to graduate employability. The education policy and learning environment also showed that it has moderate effects to graduate employability. The universities have to work hard to improve quality of high education and establish supportive learning environment, government has to work to establish education policy that applicable to the local context and all will contribute future graduates' employability. Finally, further research should be carried out on employers' behaviors and availability of jobs in the market that could be other factors that could have effect to graduate employability.

Malnutrition in under five is a major concern in developing countries including Somalia. More than 1 billion people are malnourished and malnutrition contributes to more than 30% of all deaths in children below five years. This study will investigate determinants of malnutrition in children under five years old in Mogadishu-Somalia at Banadir and S0S Hospitals. The specific objectives are: to identify how income level of household influences determines malnutrition in children under five years old; how health education determines malnutrition in children under five years old and finally to find out how dietary intake determines malnutrition in children under five years old. The study involves a design for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. The population in study is 450, and its sample size is 212 and main data collection tool is a semi structured administered questionnaire. Qualitative data were analyzed on content matter of the responses. Quantitative data were coded and entered into Statistical Package for social Scientist (SPSS Version 22) using multiple Regression tool for analyzing the data. The result was presented in the form of summaries, such as statistical tables and discussions and illustrations. The study findings are useful for the health workers as reference in the determinants of malnutrition for children under five old and the community at large. The study findings showed that 77% of the respondents agreed that the income level of household affects child nutrition while 23% of the respondents disagreed. The study findings indicated that 21% of respondents had gone to the nutritionist 'once', 9% of them had gone to the nutritionist 'twice', 11% of them visited the nutritionist '3 times' while 4% of them had gone to nutritionist 'above 3 times' while 55% of them had 'never gone to a nutritionist. Education training on nutrition plays a very significant role in reducing malnutrition. Study findings indicated that 2% of the mothers with malnourished children breast-fed their children to provide their children balanced diet because breast milk for first six months is balanced diet. 85% of the them breast fed their children to protect them diseases. 13% of them breast-fed their children to take part their proper growth. The researcher is recommending that Income growth alone will not reduce rates of malnutrition, and so direct interventions to tackle malnutrition is needed. Things such as vitamin, mineral and micronutrient supplementation; kangaroo mother care, early initiation of breastfeeding, promotion of dietary diversity; community-based nutrition education, and school feeding programmes. Education may change women's preferences about the quantity versus the quality of children, with educated women choosing fewer children but of better "quality". Mother’s education has a greater impact on the educational attainment and school achievement of children than father's education.

The general objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of capital budgeting decision on merchandising companies in Mogadishu. Specifically, this study investigated the effects of company size, degree of risk and capital intensity on merchandising companies in Mogadishu. Capital budgeting decision rank among the most critical types of managerial decisions made in a company and can have major long-term implications, both positive and negative. Merchandise companies was only succeed if their capital budgeting decisions are made well In order to ensure the importance of capital budgeting decisions for merchandise companies and its determinants play the effectiveness and efficiency in merchandise companies. This study was conducted through a descriptive study. In addition the study employed a survey research design in data collection. The sampling procedure of this study is used non-probability sampling procedure particularly purposive sampling or judgmental sampling. This research employed quantitative data collection method whereby data is gathered by the use of closed ended questionnaires which are self-administered. The data collected was analyzed using the software called Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and results shown in terms of frequency distribution and percentages. A regression model was applied to determine the relationship between Company size, Degree of risk and Capital intensity as the independent variables and Capital Budgeting Decision for merchandise as the dependent variable. Results confirm the varying importance of the determinants of capital budgeting decision on merchandising companies in Mogadishu. In general, the results reveal that Company sizes, degree of risk and capital intensity have significant and positive effects on capital budgeting decision. The study recommends that to improve capital budgeting decision on merchandising companies in Mogadishu, Managers should make use of the DPB on all the projects when the economic situation is not certain, and the use of NPV, DPB and PI should be more frequent as these techniques have been proved to be the best.

This study generally looked into the challenges of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in maintaining peace in the country. The study also looked into the challenges the mission faced from March 2007, when it was first deployed to Mogadishu, and August 2012, when Somalis elected a new federal government to replace the old existing transitional governments to date. It had further gone to scrutinize how the mission was perceived by the people of Somalia in relation to the political dimensions of the Federal Government of Somalia and as well what has been done and what has not been achieved by the AMISOM (African Mission in Somalia) in fulfilling its mandate of peacekeeping. The key aspects was the initial international political context in which the mission deployed; problems of internal coordination between the mission?s components; the lack of a reliable local partner with which to wage a counter-insurgency campaign; problems of strategic coordination among external partners; the nature of the enemy forces facing AMISOM, principally Al-Shabaab. AMISOM?s lack of relevant capabili¬ties and resources to perform its mandated tasks and the capacity of facilitating legiti¬mate and effective governance structures, especially as AMISOM began to deploy outside Mogadishu of late to begin liberating new frontiers in the South central regions. The study highlighted the role of Somalia factions, groups and clans in country?s problem. The general objectives of the research was to asses factors influencing regional intervention in Somalia and with specific objectives of the influence of stakeholder interest in on the regional intervention in Somalia, power competition among partner countries on regional intervention and evaluation of diverse goodwill on regional intervention in Somalia.. During the study, the researcher used descriptive statistics research design both in qualitative and quantitative. The target population of this study was the members AMISOM and UN mission in Somalia. In the study, 106 people were selected as a sample size using Slovene?s formula. The researcher collected data through questionnaire and finally processed and analyzed the study result using the statistical packages of social scientist (SPSS). The researcher found out that both stakeholder interest and power competition have strong positive relationship with the regional intervention and that if the interests are not consistent with the objectives, the resultant will be low performance. The study recommends that peacekeeping mission and relevant stakeholders develop clear priorities and work towards a central strategy. Towards the peace building and stabilization efforts in Somalia.

Much has been written about the putative virtues and vices of federal and unitary systems of government, but little experimental testing of the impact of such systems on the quality of governance has been conducted, The study was focused on the factors influencing the performance of federal Government of Somalia, a case study of Somali Federal Government, this time scope provides adequate information to the problem under investigation. The target populations of this study was120 include the elected leaders in various political fields. They included Members of Parliament of the Federal Government of Somalia, Community leaders, Youth leaders and Women leaders. The researcher used closed questionnaires. The researcher directly distributed questionnaires to the respondents. The sample size consisted of92 participants selected from the accessible population the Slovene's formula used to determine the minimum sample size. Data collected was analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The descriptive statistical tools were used to help in describing the data and determining the respondents? degree of agreement with the various statements under each factor. The data was analyzed and processed electronically using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS version 22) to analyze the factors influencing the performance of federal government of Somali. At the end of this study, the researcher is hopeful of coming up with recommendations that ensured peaceful coexistence of people in Somalia, while recognizing their diversity .it was found in this study clan interest table 4.5.3 shown the results researcher revealed that 79.7%percentage with the mean of 1.9% of the respondents mentioned that were agree that the main problem of Somalia the performance of federal government of Somali is clan interest. The study also revealed that an increase in clan interest and clan based federalism of Somalia positively affect the factors influence the performance of federal government of Somalia. The study recommends federalism was accomplishing the task of preserving natural unity through the distribution of powers and sovereignty between the central government and autonomous territorial entities operating within it. It ensured the peaceful coexistence of peoples, while recognizing their diversity and also to established formation fair division of natural resources between federal government and regional states.