Archives-July 2012

The resin SHMF has been synthesized by the condensation of salicylicacid and hexamethylenediamine with formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid as catalyst. Thermal degradation curve has been discussed which shows four decomposition steps and detailed thermal degradation studies of the resin have been carried out to ascertain its thermal stability. Sharp–Wentworth and Freeman–Carroll methods have been used to calculate activation energies and thermal stability. The activation energy (Ea) calculated by using the Sharp–Wentworth (17.86 kJ/mol) has been found to be in good agreement with that calculated by Freeman–Carroll (18.96 kJ/mol) method. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change (?F), entropy change (?S), apparent entropy change (S*) and frequency factor (Z) have also been evaluated on the basis of the data of Freeman–Carroll method. The order of reaction (n) is found out to be 0.99. Electrical conductivity measurements have been also conceded to ascertain the semiconducting nature of the resin.

The development and maintenance of user interface software is surely a challenging task. Organizations who use secured authentication system tolerate no leakage. Cryptographic primitives are useful tools but security of these primitives does not guarantee security of the system. Using patterns for authentication is a system that provides patterns as passwords to the users. Users tend to choose their passwords through random art generation which can be captured by malicious users by video capturing or photo clicking. In lieu of the traditional password based system, several attempts had been reported in literature about authentication schemes which are successful in increasing the strength of the system against some of the known attacks. In this paper, Random Pattern based Flexible User Interface for an effective Secured Authentication Protocol (SAP-RP) is presented. With iterations of random patterns, the users enter different passwords (which are based on the original images selected by them) for every login attempt that is converted to hashed value. It is compared with registered hashed value stored in the database which ensures confidentiality and authentication in the network plane using server and flexible user interface based authentication mechanism.

Apart from soluble and insoluble pool of glycogen ethanol also affects the third pool of glycogen present at the cell surface level of yeast. ?-glucans which play an important role in the process of yeast flocculation also contribute to this third pool of glycogen in yeast cells as confirmed by amyloglucosidase treatment. Cells grown in the presence of ethanol exhibit higher amount of surface ?-glucans indicating the role of ethanol in enhancing flocculation in yeast. Addition of Ca2+ as well as both Ca2+ and ethanol collectively to yeast culture medium exhibits both increase in cell wall bound insoluble glycogen content and surface ?-glucans. Ethanol action on yeast cells also exhibits rise in the content of cell surface glycoprotein which includes glucomannoproteins and galactomannoproteins present in the outer layer of cell wall. Thus yeast cells exhibit increase in the level of cell wall bound insoluble glycogen, surface ?-glucansas well as surface glycoprotein as a protective measure against ethanol stress. Thus both Ca2+ and ethanol enhance flocculation in yeast cells where the level of flocculence is correlated with the cell surface ?-glucans.

The verifications of boundedness and compactness of the weighted composition operators of relations between different Bergman spaces of bounded symmetric domains which are Hilbert are characterized by using Carleson measure. As an application, we study the relations of multipliers between different Bergman spaces

Based on the increasing demand of in-service training today and the importance of induction, preparation, and professional development of teachers, this article draws the meaning of this kind of education in the field of human capital development. In recent years, policy makers have come to this conclusion that increasing the capacity of teachers by pre-service or in-service training is the only hope for developing the human capital potentiality. Then it refers to one of developing countries, Iran, to modify the application of this branch of education and training in the target educational system.

The present paper is focused on the modification of the properties of polystyrene by adding cobalt chloride and manganese chloride. The composites are prepared using casting technique with different percentages of fillers. The experimental results show that the D.C conductivity of composites increases with the increase of cobalt chloride and manganese chloride concentrations. The D.C electrical conductivity changes with increasing of temperature. Also the activation energy of electrical conductivity of (PS-CoCl2) and (PS-MnCl2) composites decreases with increasing cobalt chloride and manganese chloride concentrations.

Composites are finding increased use in structural applications, in particular for aerospace and automotive purposes. Fiber reinforced composite possess high strength and stiffness. Some of these materials perform equally well or better than many traditional metallic materials. In addition, fatigue strength-to-weight ratios as well as fatigue damage tolerance of many composite laminates are excellent. To analyze metallic structures, properties of metals are easily available, but for composite structures properties of composite material are not readily available. Composite material is nothing but a laminate made from number of different lamina, and the properties of laminate depends on properties of lamina. The material properties of composite are required for carrying out stress analysis and fatigue analysis which in turn predicts the life of component. Objective of present work is to study the behavior of composite materials. This investigation deals with lamina composed of polymer matrix and carbon fibers. The aim of this study is to determine following properties. • Elastic properties, thermal properties and strength properties of transversely isotropic lamina by all methods of Micromechanics. • Properties of orthotropic lamina using Method of Cells. • Verifying the results predicted by Method of Cells with the other micromechanics methods like Composite Cylinder Assemblages (CCA) method, Rule of Mixture, Halpin-Tsai, Chamis method and Zing-ming Huang method.

Inequality along with poverty has been a serious challenge for most of the developing and even in some developed countries. There have been several historical, political, social and economic dimensions of the inequalities. However, reducing income and other inequalities have not been given adequate importance in the development agenda of the successive governments. Besides income inequality, other dimensions of inequality includes; gender, b) region, c) economic class, d) social identity, e) health and f) education, etc. which fuels vicious cycles of poverty and inequality in the country. The present study provides a detailed analysis of the non-income inequality at National, Provincial and District level in Pakistan. The analysis shows that the gaps between the haves and have-nots have been continuously widening. Inequality of economic opportunities leads to inequality of economic outcomes. The distributional inequality has not been given much importance in Pakistan and the distributional policy measures like direct taxes have been weak. As a result, the direct tax to GDP ratio could not be increased over 10 percent in the country.

An available gas fired diffusion-absorption heat pump 150 liter (5ft) refrigerator has been modified by substituting the original heat input by transferring solar thermal energy from solar collector to the generator. At the beginning, a pipe with 90cm height, filled with hot water (97oC) is used as a generator heat input but the Ammonia vapor does not generate because the temperature is low to allow Ammonia-Water mixture to boil. Therefore the Water is replaced by high boiling point fluid (liquid paraffin wax), boiling point 310°C), and the generator with pipe with 30cm height and 5cm in diameter. Then Ammonia vapor generates at fluid temperature of 140oC up to 190oC where the pipe near the condenser becomes hot. This mean that the Ammonia vapor generate up to the condenser. The flow rate required to supply heat input to generator, the solar collector receiver area and the volume of hot fluid storage required to operate the refrigerator for 24 hours has been calculated.

The palm sap of Palmyrah tree (Borassus flabellifer) can be used as a source to produce bioethanol. The Palmyrah trees are distributed naturally in tropical and subtropical regions. These trees can be grown on very arid areas. The most important product of the Palmyrah tree is the palm sap. This sap is collected by the processes of tapping. The palm sap is a cheap renewable agricultural resource, which can be used for ethanol production. The potential of using the Palmyrah tree grown in India for producing bioethanol was evaluated. Tube method of extraction was introduced to extract palm sap and the yield was compared with the traditional method of extraction. The tube method of extraction gives 30% greater yield. Production of Bioethanol at the laboratory scale from palm sap was studied. The fresh palm sap fermented by air born microorganism yielded 3.5% (v/v) ethanol. The yield of ethanol has enhanced when the palm sap was fermented with the yeast strain MTCC171 with the maximum yield of 7% (v/v). Further the dilution of palm sap yielded a maximum of 12% (v/v) ethanol. The ethanol extracted from palm sap can be used as biofuel.