Archives-January 2017

Mullerian abnormalities are made of a group of different congenital anomalies of the female genital system. The aim of this article is to juxtapose the normal development of the uterus with the abnormal development so a clear understanding of the cause of congenital anomalies of the uterus can be generated and correlated with the clinical significance.

The term exstrophy-epispadias is mainly coined due to the group of congenital abnormalities such as, bladder-exstrophy and cloacal-exstrophy. Because of the presence of abnormal opening into the cloaca, all embryos were considered by an abnormal widening of caudal trunk at the level of the leg buds which, in the youngest embryos, was associated with the abnormal presence of large aneurysmatic swellings of the dorsal aortae at this side.

Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly that is presented in both male and female newborn as the External Urethral Meatus opens ventral to its normal position. This birth defect of the Urogenital Tract is found more common in males; and the main contributing factors are subcategorized mainly into Genetic, Hormonal and Environmental factors. The incidence of this anomaly varies around the globe but a raise in its rate of occurrence within the past two decades has been detected, suggested to the increase of several Endocrine Disrupters that mimics the action of Estrogen affecting the normal development of the embryo during gestation.

Müllerian Agenesis (MA) has been estimated to affect 1 in 4,000 to 5,000 women. Considered to be sporadic, it is a rare congenital disorder of the female reproductive system depicted by the absence of the uterus, cervix and/or upper 1/5th portion of the vagina. Its embryological basis is as a result of failure in the development of the Müllerian (Paramesonephric) ducts and thus, failure of fusion between the Caudal vertical parts of these ducts bilaterally, to form the aforementioned reproductive structures. It has been linked to possible genetic relations, nonetheless, more this article will address in depth the clinical significance and possible causes of this disorder.

Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis that progress to terminal renal failure during the second decade (juvenile form) or before the age of 5 years (infantile form). In the juvenile form, a urine concentration defect starts during the first decade, and a progressive deterioration of renal function is observed in the following years. Kidney size may be normal, but loss of cortico-medullary differentiation is often observed, and cysts occur usually after patients have progressed to end-stage renal failure.

The embryologic growth of the vagina is still uncertain. The urogenital sinus and the mesonephric (wolffian) and paramesonephric ducts possibly all play a part in the development of the vagina. Duplication, agenesis, mesonephric duct remnants, and hymen abnormalities are amongst the more common congenital anomalies of the vagina. Due to close developmental correlation between the genital and the urinary tracts, relations of anomalies in both systems are common. Mullerian malformations are normally associated with abnormalities of the renal and axial skeletal systems, and they are frequently the first encountered when patients are originally inspected for related conditions.

The study sought to find out the influence of teachers’ work load on pupils’ academic performance in public primary schools in Nandi north sub county, Nandi County, Kenya. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The target population was 172 headteachers and 1302 teachers. The sample size was 17 Head teachers and 93 teachers. The consistency of the study instruments was measured using test- retest reliability whereby the same groups of respondents were used repeatedly to test whether the same results could be obtained. The content validity was ascertained by the researcher in consultation with the supervisors and expert opinion from three lecturers of the School of Education, Kisii University. To select the individual teachers, the researcher used simple random sampling method. Data was collected by use of questionnaire and interview schedules. The questionnaire allowed measurement for or against a particular view point. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage tables) with the help of SPSS. There was high teaching workload which led to tiresome preparation of teachers in discharging their teaching duties hence lowering performance in national examinations. The study indicated that teachers had no enough time for professional development and workload conditions were not favourable hence the academic performance of pupils was affected

This paper deliberated to impact of domestic trade and Nepal-India trade by demonetization of Indian currency by Indian government. The Indian government is claiming that the action is a surgical strike against black money. The demonetization of the large bills has received mixed reactions. A large section of industry and the public reacted to the decision with overwhelming support, stating that the government should have taken such action a long time ago. Their point is that deflation is the most prominent and quick bang that is going to be seen in the Indian economy. On the other hand, this move is not only going to affect the Indian economy but also the Nepali economy, which is very closely linked to India.

In this paper, the synthesis of 2-alkenylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene by direct [Pd]-[Cu]-[Ag] catalyzed C-H activation of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene with various alkenes was described. The structures of products 3a-f as well as the site-selectivity of the Heck-type cross-coupling reaction were clarified by NMR and MS analyses.

Changing individuals’ knowledge and viewpoint especially the youth and teenagers as decision makers of next generation through educating is one of the most important concerns and policies of policy makers of the environment. In present study, to survey and compare the effect of performing Image-Concept Approach as well as common teaching method on the amount of learning, and the amount of students’ naturalism in elementary schools’ sixth-grade in science course in the area of Mahidasht-Kermanshah, the quasi-experimental plan with two groups (n1=20 and n2= 20) was used to answer this question whether or not the learning performance and the amount of naturalism is statistically different among students educated by this pattern? In two study groups, students learned the concepts of the relation between human and environment via using Image-Concept Approach and the common method, respectively. In order to collect data, the teacher-made learning test and scale of the relation with nature by Nisbet and et al (2009) was used that after being approved in terms of validity and reliability, it was performed before and after applying quasi-experiment and the data were collected. The survey results show that learning is higher among students using Image-Concept Approach with another group and also in term of naturalism, student taught by Image-Concept Approach had more positive attitude regarding nature in comparison with control group.