Archives-January 2012

A geoelectric investigation involving sixteen vertical electric soundings with maximum current electrode spacing of 650m was carried out at Obiaruku, Delta State, Nigeria and environs. This was aimed at determining the effect of seasonal variations of aquifer characterization and resistivity data. The resistivity data got from the survey is interpreted by curve matching and computer iteration techniques where the geological model parameters and curves were obtained. Three to six geological layers were observed within the whole locations. The results show that there was a slight difference in the apparent resistivity values between wet and dry seasons which could be attributed to the degree of wetness (especially the topsoil) experienced during the rainy season. The aquifers, number of layers, curve type and shape, layer thicknesses are approximately the same values for both rainy and dry seasons.

The study attempted to examine the problem of student’s militancy, causes of irritancy and find out possible solution as they are related to the educational institution in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population of the study includes 20 colleges including fifty per cent private and 50 % public (both genders), their principals and teachers. The sample included 20 colleges (both genders) in public and private sectors. Thus ten colleges including five male and female were randomly selected in public sector and the same proportion in private sector, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Both close-ended and open-ended questionnaires were the tools of the study, which were fielded to principals and teachers. The role of unionism, its advantages, disadvantages, causes of irritancy and suggested measures for solution of problem remained the focus of the study. The data were subjected to analysis, which were given both quantitative and qualitative treatment. The outcome of the study was that the student militancy adversely affected student’s learning and wastage of the valuable time that they could otherwise utilize for purposeful and co-curricular activities. The data were collected at source and analyzed through statistical measures. The outcome of the study was that there were both advantages and disadvantages of student’s unions, which largely depended on their use and misuse. The proposed measures included a couple of implementable suggestions for addressing the problem areas.

Lack of appropriate technology, difficulty of measuring bed load and unclear boundary between bed load and suspended load induce experts to determine a part of suspended load as bed load. This ratio in many rivers with different conditions has the same coefficient and sometimes in a river, different experts estimate various ratios. In this study, two reach of Taleghan and Jajroud rivers was selected to determine the ratio, while stream flow was simulated by HEC-RAS software in both reaches. Bed load was calculated by Meyer-Peter-Muller, Casey, Schoklitch and Van Rijn equations, and Einstein, Chang-Simons-Richardsin, Begnold and Toffalati equations were used to estimate suspended load. After validation of equations, results showed that in both rivers, Schoklitch equation provides the best estimation for bed load. For suspended load, the Einstein and the Bagnold equations provided the best estimation for Jajroud and Taleghan rivers, respectively. R and Re tests and selecting of best equations for estimation of bed and suspended loads showed that bed load to suspended load ratio was about 3.76 and 0.14 in Jajroud and Taleghan rivers, respectively.

The title organic–inorganic hybrid material, (C5N2ClH6)2[CdCl3.57(H2O)0.43].Cl0.43.H2O1.57, crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric setting in the chiral space group P212121. Its simplified structure consists of edge sharing [CdCl4]2- units that are connected with each other to form infinite {[CdCl2Cl4/2]2-}n anionic chains; of 2-amino-5-chloropyridinium cations (two for every cadmium ion); and of one localized water molecule. Areas with additional electron density, adding up to 12 electrons each, are found in the form of narrow tubes that stretch along the direction of the a-axis, but no meaningful model for these regions could be devised and the electron density in there was instead corrected for by back-Fourier transformation methods. In the solid state structure one of the chlorine atoms of the tetrachlorocadmate units is partially replaced by a water molecule in a 0.568 (7) to 0.432 (7) ratio, with charge balance achieved through partial replacement of an interstitial water molecule by a chlorine ion. This leads to an actual formula for the compound of (C5N2ClH6)2[CdCl3.57(H2O)0.43].Cl0.43.H2O1.57 rather than the simplified (C5N2ClH6)2[CdCl4].2H2O. In the more prevalent cadmate units the metal centers have a distorted octahedral CdCl6 coordination sphere. In the remainder of the sites with one of the chlorines replaced by water, the coordination geometry is CdCl5(OH2) instead. The anionic and cationic units and the water molecules are connected through intricate O—H•••Cl, N—H•••Cl and N—H•••O hydrogen bonding interactions, with three of these being three-center interactions. The exocyclic N atom is an electron receiving center, which is consistent with features of imino resonance evidenced by bond lengths and angles. Results from solid state 13C and 15N CP–MAS NMR spectroscopy are in good agreement with the X-ray structure. Density functional theory calculations allowed for the assignment of the carbon peaks to the independent crystallographic sites.

The determination of heavy metal ions are limited by two difficulties, very low concentration of heavy metal ions which may be lower than the detection limit of many traditional analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, colorimetric, and voltametry. And the interfering effects of the matrix. Calcium silicate (CS) is obtained as mentioned in the literature, This synthesized material, which have many applications in various walks of life will be under study in this research. In a new area of the most important areas of life and the environment, a water treatment and removal of some heavy ions such as Mn+2 and Fe+3 ions present in waste water and underground water were efficiently removed by (CS).

In this study, the entropy generation of a fully developed laminar flow in circular segment ducts with constant wall heat flux is investigated. Entropy generation is obtained for various segment angels (2?), various wall heat flux and various Reynolds number. It is concluded that segment angel and wall heat flux have considerable effect on entropy generation. For the increasing value of these parameters, both entropy generation and pumping power ratio are increased at fixed Reynolds number.

International law is applicable on the members of international community which are states, international organisations and individuals. The term ‘state’ is a political expression which is a means to rule over certain territory. However the kind of state we visualize today did not exist in the ancient times. Besides, international and political thinkers call the present system of nation-states as Westphalian system. Therefore the researcher feels it worthy to make a historical research to trace the origin of nation-state being a prime subject of the international law and to highlight the myth involved. The paper begins with the Greek city-states which existed before Christ and travels through Roman kingdom, feudal system, the Holy Roman Empire and the Peace of Westphalia. The paper brings to light the Westphailian myth regarding the origin of nation-state and reveals how it originated during the Holy Roman Empire.

In order to develop a superior formulation for skin decontamination of 99mTc-pertechnetate (a potential radiocontaminant), a topical gel formulation containing disodium edetate was optimized by using 2-factor, 3-level central composite design. Polymer concentration (A) and disodium edetate concentration (B) were selected as the independent variables and the dependent variables were selected as viscosity (Y1), spreadability (Y2) and extrudability (Y3) of the gel. The viscosity of the gel was found to decrease proportionally with spreadability and extrudability, whereas the spreadability was increased proportionally with extrudability. Validation of the optimization study with 13 confirmatory runs indicated a high degree of predictive ability of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized formulations were evaluated for drug content, in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo and skin irritation studies. The in vitro evaluation of the topical gel efficacy study confirmed the good chelation efficacy of disodium edetate molecules with 99mTc-pertechnetate ions. The ex vivo diffusion kinetics study demonstrated that the permeation rate of 99mTc-pertechnetate through intact skin was decreased to 83.68% after immediate application of disodium edetate gel. In vivo studies demonstrated that the application of topical gel is effective in external decontamination of 99mTc-pertecnetate from male Sprague-Dawley rats. The optimized gels did not produce any dermatological reactions on rats. All the results of the study revealed that disodium edetate loaded topical gel is a promising formulation for the external decontamination of radioactive agents.

This paper discussed regarding latah phenomenon in communication practice. The objectives of this review is to identify the causes and the implication to the people who having it, either it is a Malay culture or in Islamic practice. Modern studies viewed latah phenomenon as a emotional behavior that happen involuntarily .A serious form of this behaviour can gave a deep impact till they can do abnormal thing extremely. Latah behaviour are belief to be associated with neuron function, psychology and cultru-bound.Varies definition by Psychologists and Physician to define latah for example psychosis, hysterical psychosis, arctic hysteria, reactive psychosis, startle reaction, fright neurosis, hypnosis state and psycho dramatic shamanic. Latah behaviour did not show the true personality of the effected person. Studies showed latah behaviour found in south east Asian especially in Malays. Islamic prospective describes latah as syatahat. Syatahat phenomenon happened to Sufism experts such as Mahyudin Ibnu Arabi, Al-Hallaj dan Abu Yazid Bustamitr had created a polemics among Islamic religious. The Islamic experts’ from Sunnites member did not accepts this Sufism views due to latah problem.

Attitudes can be described as an evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people or events (Robbins & Judges, 2007), it’s because employee’s attitudes can reflect from the emotion on attachment to the particular organization and amplify employee’s productivity. This study particularly examines the importance employee attitudes that can be revealing from the aspect on affective commitment. Commitment is a manifestation of individual owns self and reflect values standard that are basic to an individual’s existence as a person. Based on the result shown that the commitment a closely associate with the attitudes of each employee in an organization. Organizational commitment can be classified into three (3) aspects which are affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment. The objective of this study is to measure the employee attitudes among non academic in UiTM Kedah by using the affective commitment. 100 samples were selected involved eight departments in UiTM Kedah. The results show affective commitment is positively influence the employee commitment. In conclusion, it is hoped that this paper will give some insight to promote the importance on affective commitment among the government servant especially the non-academic staff in UiTM Kedah in order to increase their level of efficiency concerning the attitudes stability towards their own organization attached.