Archives-December 2015

Although transportation is one of the basic means of measuring development, in a country, in most developing countries, rural transportation is inadequate. The study discusses the importance of the role of transportation in development with respect to rural settlement areas in rural areas of Plateau State in Nigeria. The approach was based on field observation and the interpretation of data collected to inform the role transportation plays in the transportation of agricultural produce. Roads conditions were assessed through respondents and how they ranked the conditions of roads in selected rural settlement areas in Plateau State. This was preceded by analysing sets of data from a desktop survey to put the study in context. The transportation problems faced by rural dwellers in Plateau State impacts negatively on their quality of life i.e. high cost, inadequate maintenance of roads. In spite of these challenges rural dwellers cannot do without transporting their produce to market centers. However, the challenges the challenge are the costs, the road conditions and inadequate provision for transportation of agricultural produce from rural areas to market centers.

Although quantum mechanics, as one of the most advanced physical theory was successful in explaining many of the physical and natural phenomena and this theory has numerous achievements in diverse areas of human gifted, but parallel to this subject, much confusion has been made in understanding the philosophical principles. The most obvious approach to the challenges of understanding the nature and will cause disagreement and confusion in describing the physical world and reality. The question "how quantum mechanics describes physical reality and describe what results there?" Many researchers have attempted to address the meeting. Among the researchers, David Bohm has a special place. By providing an alternative to quantum mechanics, "Bohemian Mechanics" offers.In this brief article will attempt to introduce "quantum mechanics" and its description of physical reality, the "Bohemian Mechanics" and its own definition of physical reality too.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease of unknown etiology and patients with symptomatic lesions usually require treatment. Topical corticosteroids are widely used as the first choice of treatment. Laser therapy is a new method of treatment for symptomatic, resistant oral lesions. CO2 lasers have been used to treat multi-centric lesions and lesions in difficult areas. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of CO2 laser therapy and compare them with topical corticosteroids in the treatment of symptomatic OLP. In this interventional clinical trial ,thirty-six patients with symptomatic OLP were randomly allocated into two groups. The experimental group consisted of patients treated with a CO2 laser and the control group consisted of patients who used a topical steroid, namely0.1% dexamethasone mouthwash. The laser group was treated withCO2 laser ablative therapy in2 consecutive sessions during one week, in which2-3mm of normal tissue bordering the lesion was ablated. The control group used the steroid mouthwash 3 times daily in affected sites for 4 weeks. The visual analogue scale (VAS) used for pain and discomfort evaluation. Clinical data and treatment responses were graded according to Thongprasom criteria. Patients underwent a follow-up 2 months after the last treatment session to assess for recurrence of lesions. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 15.Chi square tests and repeated measurement tests were used for analysis of appearance score, pain score, and lesion severity modification in this study. The laser group included 4 male and 14 female patients with a mean age of 45.89 years and the corticosteroid group consisted of 6 male and 12 female patients with a mean age of 47.68 years. Total of 112 oral lesion sites in both groups existed. The mean duration of lesion presence in the oral cavity was 5.67 months in the laser group and 5.53 months in the corticosteroid group. At the end of treatment, The mean VAS in the laser group was 4.83 ± 1.098 and in the corticosteroid group was 4.72 ± 1.32. The most common type of lesion according to the Thongprasom criteria had a score of 3 (white steria with atrophic area > 1cm2) in both groups. Chi square tests did not identify any difference between the two groups with respect to mean age and sex distribution (P value >0.05). Appearance scores, pain scores, and lesion severity were reduced in both groups after treatment according to repeated measurement tests, but no significant differences were found between the two groups .However , more accelerated pain reduction was found in the laser group, as indicated by the slope of the repeated measurement graph. No significant differences were observed across groups in terms of the response and relapse rates, according to the Mann-Whitney U test. (P value >.05). This study demonstrated that CO2 laser was as effective as topical corticosteroid therapy and it may be considered as an alternative treatment for symptomatic OLP in the future. Key words: oral lichen planus, CO2 laser, topical corticosteroid

This paper aim to discuss the preliminary study of modelling algorithm setting of Stochastic Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) using R statistical software. The ground level ozone (O3) concentrations from a Malaysia’s air quality monitoring station was used as a case study. The new approach; BRT developed by Friedman (2001), Friedman (2002) and adopted by Yahaya (2013) in air pollution studies. BRT is differ substantially from traditional regression-based approaches. BRT are constructed of multiple regressions models which finally produce a single ‘best iteration’ model to optimize prediction performance. Sensitivity testing of model been carried out to determine the best parameters’ setting which are number of trees (nt) (1000-10000), learning rates (lr) (0.005-0.5), and interaction depth (tc) (1-10) to suits the ozone data. Results indicated that the BRT analysis algorithm best modeled with the best combination of parameters lr=0.001, tc=5 and nt=5301 that achieves minimum predictive error (minimum error for predictions). The algorithm model would crucially best provided clear benefit for air pollution study and their ability to model complex variable interactions and non-linear effects.

This project provides information about energy system by the use of bio gas... Biogas contains primarily CH4 with the balance being mostly CO2 and a small amount of trace components. Now a day’s alternate fuel appears during possessions, by better understanding its components, biogas can be processed and utilized in a more efficient, cost-effective way because of reducing fuel cost, demand of fuel, and emission influence in global warming. The most important of this work is, to produce bio gas from organic waste and reduce the usage of petrol fuel. The increase in population leads to depletion of diesel fuel. Another reason is instead of disposing the organic waste in landfill, this can be converted into a useful product (bio-gas). The bio gas can be stored in a cylinder and be placed in a luggage side box of a vehicle. A regulator is fixed on the top of the cylinder. A hose tube from a vacuum kit which is placed beneath the seat is fixed to the cylinder, so that the gas can be passed to the carburetor. The needle of the carburetor is taken out and the gas would pass on the engine directly. The air filter is partially closed in the vehicle. On kicking the bio gas from the cylinder easily pass on from vacuum gas kit to engine. A spark plug which is above the engine is used to burn the biogas. In this manner, bio gas can be used run the vehicle. The pickup and efficiency is more comparing the existing system of the vehicle has not been reduced by using bio gas. A two Stroke Petrol engine is used for this project, 2 Kg Cylinder is used. It gives 110 kilo meter for one liter of bio gas. So that it can be used in the presented vehicle without any modification. So, the compression ratio of the engine is also high 15:1 Due to high compression ratio power developed by the engine is also high. By less consumption of the fuel, the power produced is more. Petrol produces more toxic gases like HC, CO etc...But we find that methane is less toxic, and emission is very less eco-friendly compare to petrol. It makes “GREEN EVOLUTION”.

Wave propagation method (WPM) is utilized, for the first time, to study the resonance response of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The damping coefficient with in the interaction of tip-sample, which is assumed as a linear visco-elastic force, is considered in this paper as it has been neglected in the WPM studies of beam in previous investigations. Experiment and analytical results are provided in order to show the reliability and correctness of WPM method. The results are in good agreements with the experiments and show that the WPM is more accrue than analytical method.

Cloud Computing (CC) becomes the most promising technology to reach the advanced educational services, because it essentially provides a huge computing and storage capacities. Cloud computing provides reliable and tailored dynamic computing environments for education services. On the other side, e-learning has been realized as an efficient way of learning. The increasing number of students, services, education contents and resource as well as the way of adapting e-learning becomes problematic. As a potential technology to overcome the problems in e-learning, this study explores the potential impacts and the measure of how the educational services can be benefited by cloud. For that purpose the study attempt to adapt a proposed framework for virtual learning system in an extended cloud computing environment. This framework can be applied everywhere where there is a need for intensive teaching and learning in higher education. The applied case study findings of implementing the proposed framework equate the study expectations, where the student’s satisfaction significantly increased compared with the existing system.

The cyber security threat in Pakistan is a rising issue, Because of incompatible cyber security parametrized; it is enhancing more challenges for Pakistan. As Pakistan is quickly expending its resilience on cyberspace, in the similar way it is not securing its digital networks. That’s why the national infrastructure of Pakistan is also losing its strength. Now it has becomes a national security threat for Pakistan so here Pakistan really needs a proper cyber secure mechanism for the protection of her national security.

The study was carried out to investigate the bacteriological status of freshly sliced water melon in mile III market Port Harcourt. A total of 20 sliced water melons was collected while one whole water melon collected was used as control in this study. The control sample was properly washed with sterile water and sliced aseptically. A sterile knife was used to cut 1.0g from each water melon sample and homogenized on a sterile mortar and pestle. The resultant homogenate was pipette (1.0ml) into 9.0ml of distilled water and serially diluted. The 104 dilution was plated out on Nutrient and MacConkey agar plates respectively using spread plate technique. The plates were incubated at 370c for 24 hours. The cultured plates were examined for colony growth and identification of isolates. The result showed that bacteria isolated from the sliced water melon were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli , Bacillus spp and Proteus with percentage bacterial count of 414 (45.8%). 324 (35.5%), 144 (15.8%), and 30 (3.3%.) respectively. The control sample showed a scanty growth of staphylococcus aurus. In conclusion, since the control had only a colony of staphylococcus on culture plate after it has been hygienically processed, contamination of the sliced water melon maybe due to poor sanitary condition employed by the vendors during processing and packaging. This is of public health concern as these organisms are known causes of food born diseases and food poisoning.

Geothermal heat pumps (GSHPs), or direct expansion (DX) ground source heat pumps, are a highly efficient renewable energy technology, which uses the earth, groundwater or surface water as a heat source when operating in heating mode or as a heat sink when operating in a cooling mode. It is receiving increasing interest because of its potential to reduce primary energy consumption and thus reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs). The main concept of this technology is that it utilises the lower temperature of the ground (approximately <32°C), which remains relatively stable throughout the year, to provide space heating, cooling and domestic hot water inside the building area. The main goal of this study is to stimulate the uptake of the GSHPs. Recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings has emphasised the utilisation of the ambient energy from ground source and other renewable energy sources. The purpose of this study, however, is to examine the means of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, identify GSHPs as an environmental friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using GSHPs applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling, and to present typical applications and recent advances of the DX GSHPs. The study highlighted the potential energy saving that could be achieved through the use of ground energy sources. It also focuses on the optimisation and improvement of the operation conditions of the heat cycle and performance of the DX GSHP. It is concluded that the direct expansion of the GSHP, combined with the ground heat exchanger in foundation piles and the seasonal thermal energy storage from solar thermal collectors, is extendable to more comprehensive applications.