Archives-August 2012

Generating expansion planning is one of the most significant parts in grid expansion planning. The generating expansion planning extends from 10 to 30 years. Among the electrical storage systems we can refer to super conductive storage system, batteries, dense-air storage system, dense-air storage system inherent in pipes, and pumped-storage power plans. This study shed some light on storage system used in pumped storage power plants. Reliability is one of the most important constraints in power stations. In generating expansion planning, the Loss of Load Probability index is one of the most vigorous indices for reliability system. WASP program is one of the most powerful instruments for generation expansion planning. In this paper is not utilize WASP-IV and proposed algorithm using MATLAB program for Iranian power grid with and without pumped storage power plants within a time period of 10 years (2020- 2020); then the results have been compared.

Deck- drain samples obtained from five oil wells in the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), digital meters , American Standard and Testing Materials. The results shows that the pH of the deck-drain samples varies from 5, 10 to 5.4 while the total dissolved solids(TDS) varies from 4,585 to 27,170 mg/l. The electrical conductivity varies from 7,054 to 21,277µS/cm while the chloride content varies from 4 ,000 to 4,400mg/l. The H2S concentration ranges from 1.10 mg/l. These values do not conform with the Nigerian Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) effluent water standard and thus constitute a threat to the environment. The result also show that the deck-drain samples are hard and contains high concentrations of calcium and sodium. The concentrations of the major cations in decreasing order is: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ >. K+ while that of the anions is: Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- implying that the fluid type is NaCl. The pollution index (PI) of the samples varies from 17.81 to 42.47; this is in excess of the PI critical value of 1 and thus confirms high rate of degradation of the deck-drain samples.. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values of the samples ranges from 28.04 to 28.97 indicating that the deck-drains are poor for irrigation purposes. Piper and Stiff diagrams shows that the deck-drain samples exhibits the same chemical trend and model. Although, the deck-drain samples contains high concentrations of pH, TDS, electrical conductivity, H2S, Cl-, Ca2+ and Na+ ; these parameters can be treated and reduced to tolerable levels using soda ash, reverse osmosis , electro dialysis and aeration methods thus preventing soil and water pollution which can arise from the discharge of untreated deck-drains into these environments.

Managing the marketing mix makes marketing seem to easy to handle and organize. Marketing is separated from other activities of the firm and delegated to specialists who take care of the analysis, planning and implementation of various marketing tasks, such as market analysis, marketing planning, advertising, sales promotion, sales, pricing, distribution and product packaging. Marketing departments are created to take responsibility for the marketing function of the firm, sometimes together with outside specialists on, for example, market analysis and advertising. Both in the marketing literature and in everyday marketing vocabulary the expression “marketing department”, and organization unit, is used as a synonym for marketing function, which is the process of taking care of the fulfilment of customer needs and desires. However, the organizational approach inherent in the marketing mix management paradigm is not very useful either. The psychological effect on the rest of the organization of a separate marketing department is, in the long run, often devastating to the development of a customer orientation or market orientation in a firm. A marketing orientation with, for example, high-budget advertising campaigns may be developed, but this does not necessarily have much to do with true market orientation and a real appreciation for the needs and desires of the customers. The existence or introduction of such a department may be a trigger that makes everybody else lose whatever little interest in the customers they may have had. The marketing department approach to organizing the marketing function has isolated marketing from design, production, deliveries, technical service, complaints handling, invoicing and other activities of the firm. As a consequence, the rest of the organization has been alienated from marketing. Therefore, it has made it difficult, often even impossible, to turn marketing into the “integrative function” that would provide other departments with the market-related input needed in order to make the organization truly market oriented and reach a stage of “co-ordinated marketing”.

The objective of the present study is to investigate thermal diffusion and radiation effects on unsteady MHD flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature and mass diffusion in the presence of heat source or sink under the influence of applied transverse magnetic field. The fluid considered here is a gray, absorbing/ emitting radiation but a non-scattering medium. At time t>0, the plate is exponentially accelerated with a velocity in its own plane. And at the same time, the plate temperature and concentration levels near the plate raised linearly with time t. The dimensionless governing equations involved in the present analysis are solved using the Laplace transform technique. The velocity, temperature, concentration, Skin-friction, the rate or heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer are studied through graphs and tables in terms of different physical parameters like magnetic field parameter (M), radiation parameter (R), heat source parameter (H), Schmidt parameter (Sc), soret number (So), Prandtl number (Pr), thermal Grashof number (Gr), mass Grashof number (Gm) and time (t).

The difficulty of calculating transient heat transfer in foamed concrete panel is complex due to its porous and multi-phase material nature. This paper reports the basis of one-dimensional Finite Difference method to acquire thermal properties of foamed concrete. Additionally, this paper also incorporates the execution of the method and the validation of thermal properties model of foamed concrete. A one-dimensional finite difference heat conduction programme has been developed to predict the temperature development through the thickness of the foamed concrete slab, based on an initial estimate of the thermal conductivity-temperature relationship as a function of porosity and radiation within the voids. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by comparing predicted and experimental temperature profiles obtained from small scale heat transfer test on foamed concrete slabs, so that the temperature history of the specimen calculated by the programme closely matches those recorded during the experiment.

Strychnos potatorum (Clearing nut), an important medicinal plant used in the traditional and folk medicine for treating several aliments including microbial infections, diarrhoea and diabetes. Some of its pharmacognostic studies such as fluorescent, organoleptic, ash and mineral contents of root, stem bark and seed (both collected and market) , and GC- alkaloid profiles of seed have been investigated. Considerable colour variations in the fluorescent behaviour of raw drugs were observed. The highest yields were obtained for the aqueous extracts followed by ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. The colour of the extracts thus obtained have from ivory to dark brown and bitter to pungent bitter in taste. Higher values of the total ash and insoluble acid contents were recorded for the stem bark, followed by root and seed samples. Considerable amounts of iron and copper found in all parts of the plant. However, lead, a toxic element was found in trace amount in the market seed sample. Further, the GC-alkaloid profiles of seed samples have shown significant variation in terms of percent area of peaks. Furthermore, the co-TLC study has revealed the absence of strychnine and brucine from the seed sample.

The paper presents a new approach to the classification of rolling element bearing faults by implementing Artificial Neural Network. Diagnostics of rolling element bearing faults actually represents the problem of pattern classification and recognition, where the key step is feature extraction from the vibration signal. Characterization of each recorded vibration signal is performed by a combination of signal's time-varying statistical parameters and characteristic rolling element bearing fault frequency components obtained through the frequency spectrum analysis method. The experimental data is collected for four bearings at three different speeds. The sensor is located at three different positions for each bearing. Both time domain and frequency domain signals were measured. Thus the data was three time spectrums and three frequency spectrums for each speed for a bearing. The entire data set comprised of 72 (6 x 3 x 4) data. The time domain signal was comprised of 8192 samples and extracting these features from a huge data set was difficult. To overcome this difficulty the 8192 samples were split into 32 bins each containing 256 samples. The entire process of splitting and evaluating the seven features was coded in MATLAB. From these seven features the most suitable features for explaining the intensity of the defect is discussed.

Sustainable production is the need of the hour for a sustainable environment. To obtain a sustainable future is possible only through recycling of the recycled product .In the world where demand cannot meet with the existing requirements it is necessary to go on with the natural resources prevailing. In this case, biodiesel occupies a unique place to satisfy the expectations. Biodiesel from neem cake has an excellent efficiency to provide a good combustion to run vehicles and generators at a sufficient economy. The paper details on producing biodiesel from neem oil through fractional distillation involving both esterification and trans-esterification processes. The fuel recovered by this process is further recycled to extract esters. The unique technique that this paper provides is an approach to minimize the wastage and economy of the recyclically recovered fuel while using it in generators. The power thus obtained is made to use in sufficient quantities to initiate the recycling further thus enhancing the process to be a cyclic one. The practical work of the above said is being conducted in the laboratory. The prevention of solidification of fuel is also made possible through a technique which is discussed in the paper. This way the approach further insists on a complete usage of the already recovered green fuel including the unburnt fuel to mix along with the normal diesel used in automobiles. This approach also focuses on minimizing the emission effects from automobiles and generators.

There is a large body of empirical research on Stress and Subjective Wellbeing (SWB), how stress affects the SWB of an individual and how individual with high SWB cope stress effectively. This study is based on the idea that the Stress is very likely to affect the SWB in Substance Addiction. Research has shown how people get trapped with Addiction in order to reduce stress, and these addictions negatively affect their physical and mental wellbeing. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of addiction and stress on subjective wellbeing. Considering this view the data was collected from Addicted and Non Addicted individuals. In Indian context, male are in the larger risk of addiction at the age of their adulthood, thus, 30 male adult with addiction and 30 male adult with non addiction were taken as the sample. Subjective Wellbeing Inventory (SUBI) and Hari Stress Inventory (HSI) were used to measure subjective well being and stress respectively. It was found that stress had a significant effect upon the subjective wellbeing.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between wages, benefits and employees’ commitment. Many factors can influence employees’ commitment but this research only emphasize on wages and benefits. Wages and benefits will encourage employees to be committed and motivates them to perform better. The more employees are well paid or are paid their expected wages, the more employees are willing to express their dedication to the organization. The wages and benefits will be offered based on the job descriptions and specification of the employees. Through this study, employees’ commitment level can be identified by taking into consideration the wages and benefits that received by employee.