Archives-April 2013

The system of caste is said to have originated in India though the exact origin of caste system cannot be traced. The records of Indo Aryan Culture contains its first mention. According to Dr. Muzumdar the caste system took its birth after the arrival of Aryans in India. In order to maintain their separate existence the Indo-Aryans used for certain groups and orders of people the favourite word ‘Varna” and ‘Colour’. Of the relation subsisting between four classes-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vis and Sudra-Brahmin is definitely said to be superior to Kshatriya.

Maize (TZSR-Y variety) sown at 75x25 cm and leaf amaranth (NH Ac 23) seed rates at 2, 4 and 6 kg.ha^-1 drilled in rows 30 cm apart were grown sole and as intercrops in four replications and laid out in randomized complete block design during the rainy season of 2009 and 2010 on the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Amaranth yield was determined as weight of >15 cm tall plants uprooted weekly from one month old for four harvests; weight of shoots repeatedly cut at 15 cm fortnightly; and weight of seeds from mature inflorescences after threshing. Maize cobs were harvested dry, shelled, and sun-dried and weighed. Cropping system had no significant effect on leaf amaranth yield obtained by uprooting and repeated cutting but seed yield was higher in sole cropping in 2009. Yield obtained by uprooting and repeated cutting and seed yield increased with amaranth seed rate. In sole and intercropping systems, optimum marketable amaranth yields were obtained at 4 and 6 kg.ha^-1 by uprooting and 2 and 4 kg.ha^-1 by repeated cutting.  Intercropping slightly depressed maize grain yield and the reduction was higher as amaranth seed rate increased. Land Equivalent Ratio exceeded 1.0 in all intercropping systems and was highest at 6 and 4 kg.ha^-1 seed rate for marketable yield and seed yield, respectively at the established maize population.

Crop-Benefit analysis was used to assess fresh fruit yield responses of two day-neutral okra varieties: NHAe 47-4 and LD 88-1-8 to nitrogen (N) fertilizer application in trials conducted over three years at Ado-Ekiti in the sub-humid agro-ecological zone of south-western Nigeria. Fruit yield increased with N application in all years and reflected in high returns at subsidized and unsubsidized fertilizer (urea) prices. Value-Cost ratio (VCR) was highest at 60 kg N.ha^-1 for the two varieties in 2007 and for NHAe 47-4 in 2008 but at 30 and 120 kg N.ha^-1 for LD 88-1-8 and NHAe 47-4, respectively in 2009. The current economic environment in 2010, characterized by higher producer prices due to nationwide inflationary pressure on food items and regime of high fertilizer prices from a deregulating market necessitated an assessment of the returns from the responses to application of subsidized and unsubsidized urea. Profitability of N application increased as VCR rose to 1.57 and 2.39 for NHAe 47-4 and LD 88-1-8 at 60 kg N.ha^-1. This 60 kg N.ha^-1 is the economic rate to recommend for fresh fruit production in sole okra.

In this paper, the Riemann Zeta function is presented as a function with real and imaginary parts. Thus we are able to evaluate By writing as a bilinear function, and through the use of Sobolev space theorem, an optimization problem with a variable coefficient is derived. Some methods of solution are presented.

The major objectives of the study were: to find out the different ways and means of using internet among university students; to ascertain the purposes and reasons of internet utilization patterns among university students and to give recommendations for the improvement of situation and for further research. Population of the study comprised of all the students enrolled in BS programs in eight selected universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Total 1000 students were selected as a sample using purposive sampling procedure. A self-developed questionnaire was used as a research tool. Mean scores and Standard Deviation were used as a statistical tool using SPSS 16. It was found that most of the students use internet at university in the company of different peoples, three to five times a week and like to chat with both male and female. Mostly students utilize internet for positive and healthy purposes. Students agreed that they find information according to their need on internet and internet gives them pleasure. It is recommended that proper awareness and guidance may be provided to the university students to utilize internet for positive, creative, constructive and healthy activities.

The relationship among the turning point, the critical strip and the zeros of Riemann Zeta function is Investigated and established in this paper. A theorem to prove the link between the turning point and the real part of a quadratic function with complex roots is also presented, thereby showing that the real part of the roots will always be the critical point of the quadratic function, thus establishing Riemann’s hypothesis. is shown to be the analytic continuation formula of as presented by Riemann, amidst the various presentations of in his work. A proof of the nature of the zeros is found in this work.

In this work design and development of the conformal microstrip antenna array is demonstrated. Important system parameters and overall performance of the Array antenna is described and experimental results for reflection coefficients and far field patterns is included as well as simulated pattern and synthesis results .To improve the performance of microstrip antenna array, a modified configuration of microstrip series-fed taper array is designed. Compared to the traditional one, the novel antenna array has a better VSWR characteristic. The design procedure of the conformal antenna array is discussed and some valuable results are acquired. Numerical results are obtained and a very good agreement is observed between experimental and simulated results of such arrays.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been one of the key contenders in various broadcasting standards, due to its immunity towards multipath fading and ease of implementation. But the issue security has not been addressed much, which calls for a separate modules performing encryption. Here a scheme of Encryption jointly with OFDM has been proposed based on rearranging the OFDM subcarriers to make the data non intelligible, which provides transit data security. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides both security and immunity against fading, together. Also, compared to the conventional OFDM system, this scheme provides encryption with no BER performance degradation and no additional bandwidth.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a key contender for broadcasting standards, due to its immunity towards multipath fading and ease of implementation. Here a scheme to exploit the frequency diversity within OFDM subcarriers has been proposed which further increases the bit error rate performance. The diversity is achieved by circularly shifting the OFDM subcarrier coefficients in pseudorandom manner. Thus we notice a significant performance improvement without any additional bandwidth requirements.

In this work, we make use of the well known product rule and Leibnitz’s theorem to generate a new method which can be used to obtain the higher order derivatives of any functions which depends on four variables. The new method does not require the knowledge of the preceding derivative before obtaining the succeeding ones.